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Extremely high ambient temperature may cause heat stress, which considerably impacts production and reproduction in dairy cattle. In heat-stressed dairy cows, the reduction of dry matter intake causes an energy deficit, thereby accentuating NEBAL. In addition, reduced rumination and/or absorption of nutrients together with increased maintenance requirements also result in a net decrease of dry material/energy intake. Heat stress may also have a direct impact on oocyte quality due to the high ovarian temperatures. The intrauterine environment is also compromised in heat-stressed cows, with reduced blood flow to the uterus and increased uterine temperature; this may impair embryonic development, increase early embryonic loss and reduce the proportion of successful inseminations. During the hot summer period, poor expression of estrus, a rapid decrease in pregnancy rate and a pronounced increase of late embryonic loss (LEL) are common.Based on the assessment of ~68,000 samples for serum pregnancy PSPB concentration and re-checking the pregnant cows by transrectal palpation, the rate of pregnant samples (RPS) decreased while LEL increased (Figure 5) parallel to the rise of daily average temperature [36].
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