Items Nos. 2 to 4 are traffic volum

Items Nos. 2 to 4 are traffic volume-related and associated with the core network, while item No. 1 is access network-based.
Along with traditional voice and data equipment the NGN architecture contains converged network equipment types such as Call Agents (e.g. Media Gateway Controller – MGC, Gatekeeper – GK, SIP Server and Softswitch – SS), Media Gateways (MG), Signalling Gateways (SG), Feature Servers, Application Servers, Media Servers and provides management, provisioning and billing interfaces.
The NGN cost structures can be grouped into three main categories:
– service-specific costs;
– core network costs; and
– access network costs.