1.1.1 Geographical or diatopical variationIt is a universal characteri translation - 1.1.1 Geographical or diatopical variationIt is a universal characteri Indonesian how to say

1.1.1 Geographical or diatopical va

1.1.1 Geographical or diatopical variation
It is a universal characteristic of human language that speakers of the
‘same’ language who live in different parts of a continuous territory do
not speak in the same way.¹ Careful observation shows that such variation
is usually smooth and gradual: the speech of each locality differs in
some feature or features from the speech of each neighbouring locality,
but without seriously impairing mutual comprehension.² Successive
small differences accumulate as one crosses an area, and in an extensive
territory this accumulation of differences may result in total mutual
incomprehensibility between the speech belonging to distant parts of
the territory being examined.
We shall see in Section 4.1.2 that the northern part of the Spanish
Peninsula displays this kind of variation; that is, we can observe there
what is known as a dialect continuum. A village-by-village journey from
the west coast of Galicia to the Costa Brava reveals at each stage only
small linguistic differences between a particular village and its neighbours
on either side, these differences being few where communications
are good between the villages concerned and more numerous where
communications are poorer. Provided one skirts the Basque Country
(where one faces forms of speech unrelated to those which surround it),
there is no point on the journey where mutual comprehension between
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1.1.1 Geographical or diatopical variationIt is a universal characteristic of human language that speakers of the‘same’ language who live in different parts of a continuous territory donot speak in the same way.¹ Careful observation shows that such variationis usually smooth and gradual: the speech of each locality differs insome feature or features from the speech of each neighbouring locality,but without seriously impairing mutual comprehension.² Successivesmall differences accumulate as one crosses an area, and in an extensiveterritory this accumulation of differences may result in total mutualincomprehensibility between the speech belonging to distant parts ofthe territory being examined.We shall see in Section 4.1.2 that the northern part of the SpanishPeninsula displays this kind of variation; that is, we can observe therewhat is known as a dialect continuum. A village-by-village journey fromthe west coast of Galicia to the Costa Brava reveals at each stage onlysmall linguistic differences between a particular village and its neighbourson either side, these differences being few where communicationsare good between the villages concerned and more numerous wherecommunications are poorer. Provided one skirts the Basque Country(where one faces forms of speech unrelated to those which surround it),there is no point on the journey where mutual comprehension between
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1.1.1 variasi geografis atau diatopical
Ini merupakan karakteristik universal bahasa manusia yang pembicara dari
bahasa 'yang sama' yang tinggal di berbagai belahan wilayah terus menerus jangan
tidak berbicara di way.¹ sama pengamatan yang cermat menunjukkan bahwa variasi seperti
biasanya halus dan bertahap: pidato masing-masing wilayah berbeda di
beberapa fitur atau fitur dari pidato masing-masing wilayah tetangga,
tapi tanpa serius merusak saling comprehension.² Berturut-turut
perbedaan kecil menumpuk sebagai salah satu melintasi daerah, dan dalam luas
wilayah akumulasi ini perbedaan mungkin hasil total reksa
tdk dimengerti antara pidato milik bagian yang jauh dari
wilayah yang diperiksa.
Kita akan lihat dalam bagian 4.1.2 bahwa bagian utara Spanyol
Semenanjung menampilkan jenis variasi; yaitu, kita dapat mengamati ada
apa yang dikenal sebagai kontinum dialek. Sebuah perjalanan desa-by-desa dari
pantai barat Galicia ke Costa Brava mengungkapkan pada setiap tahap hanya
perbedaan linguistik kecil antara desa tertentu dan tetangga-tetangganya
di kedua sisi, perbedaan-perbedaan ini menjadi beberapa di mana komunikasi
yang baik antara desa bersangkutan dan lebih banyak mana
komunikasi lebih miskin. Tersedia satu rok yang Basque Country
(di mana salah satu menghadapi bentuk ucapan yang tidak terkait dengan orang-orang yang mengelilinginya),
tidak ada titik pada perjalanan di mana saling pemahaman antara
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