AbstractViruses depend on host cell resources forreplication and acces translation - AbstractViruses depend on host cell resources forreplication and acces Indonesian how to say

AbstractViruses depend on host cell

AbstractViruses depend on host cell resources for
replication and access to those resources may be limited
to a particular phase of the cell cycle. Thus manipulation of
cell cycle is a commonly employed strategy of viruses for
achieving a favorable cellular environment. For example,
viruses capable of infecting nondividing cells induce S
phase in order to activate the host DNA replication
machinery and provide the nucleotide triphosphates necessary for viral DNA replication (Flemington in J Virol
75:4475–4481,2001; Sullivan and Pipas in Microbiol Mol
Biol Rev 66:179–202, 2002). Viruses have developed
several strategies to subvert the cell cycle by association
with cyclin and cyclin-dependent kinase complexes and
molecules that regulate their activity. Viruses tend to act on
cellular proteins involved in a network of interactions in a
way that minimal protein–protein interactions lead to a
major effect. The complex and interactive nature of
intracellular signaling pathways controlling cell division
affords many opportunities for virus manipulation strategies. Taking the maxim“Set a thief to catch a thief”as a
counter strategy, however, provides us with the very same
virus evasion strategies as “ready-made tools” for the
development of novel antivirus therapeutics. The most
obvious are attenuated virus vaccines with critical evasion
genes deleted. Similarly, vaccines against viruses causing
cancer are now being successfully developed. Finally, as
viruses have been playing chess with our cell biology and
immune responses for millions of years, the study of their
evasion strategies will also undoubtedly reveal new control
mechanisms and their corresponding cellular intracellular
signaling pathways.
KeywordsViruses.Cell cycle.
Cyclins.DNA damage.
Nucleolin
Introduction
Viruses are intracellular parasites which have evolved
multiple mechanisms to manipulate host cell biology and
immune defense responses. They use the host cell machinery
and metabolism for their establishment and propagation.
For a virus to survive, it must continuously infect
susceptible hosts. Once established in the host, a virus can
either cause an acute infection or pass from acute to
persistent with periodic reactivation. If, during an acute
infection, the virus is cleared by the host immune response,
then it must have the capacity to rapidly infect a new host
or to survive in the environment. Viruses producing only
acute infections can survive in nature by constant infection
of the same host, for example mumps, or by infecting more
than one host species, like rabies. Some acute viruses, such
as poxviruses, have the capacity to survive in the
environment outside an organism until they contact a
susceptible host.
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AbstractViruses depend on host cell resources forreplication and access to those resources may be limitedto a particular phase of the cell cycle. Thus manipulation ofcell cycle is a commonly employed strategy of viruses forachieving a favorable cellular environment. For example,viruses capable of infecting nondividing cells induce Sphase in order to activate the host DNA replicationmachinery and provide the nucleotide triphosphates necessary for viral DNA replication (Flemington in J Virol75:4475–4481,2001; Sullivan and Pipas in Microbiol MolBiol Rev 66:179–202, 2002). Viruses have developedseveral strategies to subvert the cell cycle by associationwith cyclin and cyclin-dependent kinase complexes andmolecules that regulate their activity. Viruses tend to act oncellular proteins involved in a network of interactions in away that minimal protein–protein interactions lead to amajor effect. The complex and interactive nature ofintracellular signaling pathways controlling cell divisionaffords many opportunities for virus manipulation strategies. Taking the maxim“Set a thief to catch a thief”as acounter strategy, however, provides us with the very samevirus evasion strategies as “ready-made tools” for thedevelopment of novel antivirus therapeutics. The mostobvious are attenuated virus vaccines with critical evasiongenes deleted. Similarly, vaccines against viruses causingcancer are now being successfully developed. Finally, asviruses have been playing chess with our cell biology andimmune responses for millions of years, the study of theirevasion strategies will also undoubtedly reveal new controlmechanisms and their corresponding cellular intracellularsignaling pathways.KeywordsViruses.Cell cycle.Cyclins.DNA damage.NucleolinIntroductionViruses are intracellular parasites which have evolvedmultiple mechanisms to manipulate host cell biology andimmune defense responses. They use the host cell machineryand metabolism for their establishment and propagation.For a virus to survive, it must continuously infectsusceptible hosts. Once established in the host, a virus caneither cause an acute infection or pass from acute topersistent with periodic reactivation. If, during an acuteinfection, the virus is cleared by the host immune response,then it must have the capacity to rapidly infect a new hostor to survive in the environment. Viruses producing onlyacute infections can survive in nature by constant infectionof the same host, for example mumps, or by infecting morethan one host species, like rabies. Some acute viruses, suchas poxviruses, have the capacity to survive in theenvironment outside an organism until they contact asusceptible host.
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AbstractViruses bergantung pada sumber daya host sel untuk
replikasi dan akses ke sumber daya mungkin terbatas
untuk fase tertentu dari siklus sel. Jadi manipulasi
siklus sel adalah strategi umum digunakan virus untuk
mencapai lingkungan selular yang menguntungkan. Misalnya,
virus mampu menginfeksi sel membelah menginduksi S
fase untuk mengaktifkan replikasi DNA inang
mesin dan memberikan trifosfat nukleotida yang diperlukan untuk replikasi DNA virus (Flemington di J Virol
75: 4475-4481,2001; Sullivan dan Pipas di Microbiol Mol
Biol Rev 66: 179-202, 2002). Virus telah mengembangkan
beberapa strategi untuk menumbangkan siklus sel oleh asosiasi
dengan cyclin dan cyclin-dependent kinase kompleks dan
molekul yang mengatur aktivitas mereka. Virus cenderung untuk bertindak atas
protein seluler yang terlibat dalam jaringan interaksi dalam
cara yang minimal interaksi protein-protein menyebabkan
pengaruh besar. Sifat kompleks dan interaktif dari
jalur sinyal intraseluler mengontrol pembelahan sel
affords banyak kesempatan untuk strategi manipulasi virus. Mengambil pepatah "Set pencuri untuk menangkap pencuri" sebagai
strategi counter, bagaimanapun, memberikan kita dengan yang sama
strategi virus penggelapan sebagai "siap pakai alat" untuk
pengembangan terapi antivirus baru. Yang paling
jelas yang dilemahkan vaksin virus dengan penggelapan kritis
gen dihapus. Demikian pula, vaksin terhadap virus yang menyebabkan
kanker sekarang sedang berhasil dikembangkan. Akhirnya, seperti
virus telah bermain catur dengan biologi sel dan
respon imun selama jutaan tahun, studi mereka
strategi penghindaran akan juga pasti mengungkapkan kontrol baru
mekanisme dan mereka yang sesuai selular intraseluler
jalur sinyal.
Siklus KeywordsViruses.Cell.
Kerusakan Cyclins.DNA .
Nucleolin
Pendahuluan
Virus adalah parasit intraseluler yang telah berevolusi
beberapa mekanisme untuk memanipulasi biologi sel inang dan
respon pertahanan kekebalan tubuh. Mereka menggunakan mesin sel inang
dan metabolisme untuk pendirian mereka dan propagasi.
Untuk virus untuk bertahan hidup, terus menerus harus menginfeksi
rentan host. Setelah didirikan pada tuan rumah, virus dapat
baik menyebabkan infeksi akut atau lulus dari akut ke
persisten dengan reaktivasi periodik. Jika, selama akut
infeksi, virus ini dibersihkan oleh respon imun host,
maka ia harus memiliki kapasitas untuk cepat menginfeksi host baru
atau untuk bertahan hidup di lingkungan. Virus hanya menghasilkan
infeksi akut dapat bertahan hidup di alam oleh infeksi konstan
dari host yang sama, misalnya gondok, atau dengan menginfeksi lebih
dari satu spesies inang, seperti rabies. Beberapa virus akut, seperti
sebagai poxvirus, memiliki kapasitas untuk bertahan di
lingkungan luar organisme sampai mereka menghubungi
tuan rumah yang rentan.
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