The changes likely reflect subtle nonspecific, widespread cortical and subcortical dysfunction. Attention is also af fected, particularly the ability to divide attention, shift focus rapidly, and deal with complex situations (Glisky, 2007). Memory functioning refers to implicit or explicit recall of recently and distantly encoded information. eral aspects of memory show decline with normal aging (Brickman & Stern, 2009). These include working memory (retaining information while using in performance of another mental task), episodic memory (the explicit recol lection of events), source memory (the context in which information was learned), and short-term memory (the pas sive short-term storage of information). These changes in memory occur despite relatively preserved semantic mem ory (the recall of general or factual acquired knowledge), procedural memory (skill learning and recall, and priming (a type of implicit memory in which the response to a probe has been influenced by a previous exposure to a stimulus)