Agricultural development policy in Thailand over the past few decades has been importantly concerned not only with the country's food security, but also with its export earnings. Thailand is a food surplus country at the macro level. In terms of food accessibility, however, especially at the household level, it remains a problem, particularly in the rural remote areas. A recent increase in food price and production cost has inevitably impacted on Thailand's rural poor. With a declining purchasing power, these poor households face the risk of food insecurity as they may reduce the food intake of more nutritious food. The impact of rising food prices on agricultural households depends on whether they are net buyers of food. In the case of rice farming households, the share of net buyers was higher for households with smaller land holdings. Also, the poor rice farmers in Thailand were hardly hit by the higher production cost and input prices since their net profit largely declined. It is found that while nearly two-thirds of their operating cost was paid, they only received one-tenth from the rice sold . For overcoming future impacts of high food price and rising production cost on rural poor, a provision of off-farm employment and micro-credit facilities with technical assistance and proper farm management plans should be targeted to small farmers and the rural poor. In the longer-run, it is suggested that empowering small-scale farmer capacity building based on sufficiency economy concepts is necessary for further development. This can work if it is coupled with farm productivity enhancement through agricultural research investment and improvement of village-pool water resources including on-farm water resource management and investment.