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PATHOPHYSIOLOGY• In humans, uric acid is the end product of the degradation of purines. Itserves no known physiologic purpose and is regarded as a waste product.The size of the urate pool is increased severalfold in individuals with gout.This excess accumulation may result from either overproduction orunderexcretion.• The purines from which uric acid is produced originate from threesources: dietary purine, conversion of tissue nucleic acid to purine nucleotides,and de novo synthesis of purine bases.• Abnormalities in the enzyme systems that regulate purine metabolism mayresult in overproduction of uric acid. An increase in the activity ofphosphoribosyl pyrophosphate (PRPP) synthetase leads to an increasedconcentration of PRPP, a key determinant of purine synthesis and thusuric acid production. A deficiency of hypoxanthine–guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HGPRT) may also result in overproduction of uric acid.HGPRT is responsible for the conversion of guanine to guanylic acid andhypoxanthine to inosinic acid. These two conversions require PRPP as thecosubstrate and are important reutilization reactions involved in nucleicacid synthesis. A deficiency in the HGPRT enzyme leads to increasedmetabolism of guanine and hypoxanthine to uric acid and more PRPP tointeract with glutamine in the first step of the purine pathway. Completeabsence of HGPRT results in the childhood Lesch-Nyhan syndrome,characterized by choreoathetosis, spasticity, mental retardation, and markedlyexcessive production of uric acid.
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