Furthermore, field observations verified that the senesced grass veget translation - Furthermore, field observations verified that the senesced grass veget Indonesian how to say

Furthermore, field observations ver

Furthermore, field observations verified that the senesced grass vegetation at the
Mongu sites was fully senesced, while the Mongu green vegetation corresponded
with green wooded areas. As such, we submit that seasonal differences and thus
potential sources of error that could have resulted in using spectral data from the
mid-October Chobe site within the mid-August Mongu imagery were minimized.
Two field GPS transects (figure 1: collected 19–20 October 2001) crossing a
patchwork of burned and unburned surfaces were used to produce 250 groups of
464 pixels in the georegistered ETM + image that were either burned or unburned
at the time of image acquisition (figures 1(b) and 1(c)). The first transect (figure 1(b))
was within Chobe National Park, while the second transect (figure 1(c)) was outside
the park and followed the Botswana/Zimbabwe border. Half the pixels were used as
training data for a maximum likelihood (Richards and Jia 1999) classification of the
ETM + image, while the remaining pixels were used to confirm the accuracy of this
classification. The training data were further used to define thresholds in each
subsequent classification method. An additional supervised classification of the
ETM + imagery was implemented using the parallelepiped (Hudak and Brockett
2004) classifier. In each classification, all Landsat ETM + optical bands were used in
the classification. The supervised classifications produced binary burned/unburned
maps.
4. Image processing
4.1 Spectral index methods
The indices presented in table 1 were applied to the ETM + imagery and pixels
classed as burned or unburned using an appropriate threshold. Within the burned
area classification literature, a large selection of different approaches have been
adopted to set automatic classification thresholds of methods that use spectral
indices (Fernandez et al. 1997, Barbosa et al. 1999, Roy et al. 1999, Nielsen et al.
2002, Vafeidis and Drake 2005). For the purpose of this study, we sought to explore
the most stringent classification test. We thus calculated the mean (m) and standard
deviation (s) of the index from the burned pixel training dataset collected from the
analysis of the transects and (following Barbosa et al. (1999), Holden et al. (2005),
and others) all pixels in the image were defined as burned if their index value fell
within the range m¡2s. For MIRBI and BAI we used the fixed thresholds reported
in Trigg and Flasse (2001) and Chuvieco et al. (2002). The MIRBI technique, when
applied by Trigg and Flasse (2001) to savannahs in north-eastern Namibia,
determined surfaces as burned when MIRBI values were .1.7. As our study was
within 400 km of this prior study area and in a similar savannah environment, we
used this threshold as a starting basis but also investigated sequential increments of
0.05 about this value.
4.2 Unsupervised classification
Unsupervised classification was also conducted by means of the ISODATA
algorithm (Ball and Hall 1965). Four to 10 classes and four iterations were used with
the latter approach, resulting in seven final classes. Rather than visually defining
each separate ISODATA output class as burned or unburned, we followed a similar
objective approach to that applied to the spectral index methods. The mean and
standard deviation of the ISODATA output class values were calculated for the set
of pixels contained within the burned pixel training dataset collected from the
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Furthermore, field observations verified that the senesced grass vegetation at theMongu sites was fully senesced, while the Mongu green vegetation correspondedwith green wooded areas. As such, we submit that seasonal differences and thuspotential sources of error that could have resulted in using spectral data from themid-October Chobe site within the mid-August Mongu imagery were minimized.Two field GPS transects (figure 1: collected 19–20 October 2001) crossing apatchwork of burned and unburned surfaces were used to produce 250 groups of464 pixels in the georegistered ETM + image that were either burned or unburnedat the time of image acquisition (figures 1(b) and 1(c)). The first transect (figure 1(b))was within Chobe National Park, while the second transect (figure 1(c)) was outsidethe park and followed the Botswana/Zimbabwe border. Half the pixels were used astraining data for a maximum likelihood (Richards and Jia 1999) classification of theETM + image, while the remaining pixels were used to confirm the accuracy of thisclassification. The training data were further used to define thresholds in eachsubsequent classification method. An additional supervised classification of theETM + imagery was implemented using the parallelepiped (Hudak and Brockett2004) classifier. In each classification, all Landsat ETM + optical bands were used inthe classification. The supervised classifications produced binary burned/unburnedmaps.4. Image processing4.1 Spectral index methodsThe indices presented in table 1 were applied to the ETM + imagery and pixelsclassed as burned or unburned using an appropriate threshold. Within the burnedarea classification literature, a large selection of different approaches have beenadopted to set automatic classification thresholds of methods that use spectralindices (Fernandez et al. 1997, Barbosa et al. 1999, Roy et al. 1999, Nielsen et al.2002, Vafeidis and Drake 2005). For the purpose of this study, we sought to explorethe most stringent classification test. We thus calculated the mean (m) and standarddeviation (s) of the index from the burned pixel training dataset collected from theanalysis of the transects and (following Barbosa et al. (1999), Holden et al. (2005),and others) all pixels in the image were defined as burned if their index value fellwithin the range m¡2s. For MIRBI and BAI we used the fixed thresholds reportedin Trigg and Flasse (2001) and Chuvieco et al. (2002). The MIRBI technique, whenapplied by Trigg and Flasse (2001) to savannahs in north-eastern Namibia,determined surfaces as burned when MIRBI values were .1.7. As our study waswithin 400 km of this prior study area and in a similar savannah environment, weused this threshold as a starting basis but also investigated sequential increments of0.05 about this value.4.2 Unsupervised classificationUnsupervised classification was also conducted by means of the ISODATAalgorithm (Ball and Hall 1965). Four to 10 classes and four iterations were used withthe latter approach, resulting in seven final classes. Rather than visually definingeach separate ISODATA output class as burned or unburned, we followed a similarobjective approach to that applied to the spectral index methods. The mean andstandard deviation of the ISODATA output class values were calculated for the setof pixels contained within the burned pixel training dataset collected from the
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Selanjutnya, observasi lapangan diverifikasi bahwa rumput vegetasi senesced di
situs Mongu sepenuhnya senesced, sedangkan vegetasi hijau Mongu berhubungan
dengan daerah berhutan hijau. Dengan demikian, kami sampaikan bahwa perbedaan musiman dan dengan demikian
potensi sumber kesalahan yang bisa mengakibatkan menggunakan data spektral dari
situs pertengahan Oktober Chobe dalam citra pertengahan Agustus Mongu diminimalkan.
Dua transek bidang GPS (gambar 1: dikumpulkan 19- 20 Oktober 2001) melintasi
tambal sulam dibakar dan permukaan yang tidak terbakar yang digunakan untuk menghasilkan 250 kelompok
464 piksel dalam ETM georegistered + gambar yang dibakar atau terbakar
pada saat akuisisi citra (angka 1 (b) dan 1 (c) ). Transek pertama (gambar 1 (b))
adalah dalam Chobe National Park, sedangkan transek kedua (gambar 1 (c)) adalah luar
taman dan diikuti perbatasan Botswana / Zimbabwe. Setengah piksel digunakan sebagai
data training untuk kemungkinan maksimum (Richards dan Jia 1999) klasifikasi
ETM + gambar, sedangkan piksel sisanya digunakan untuk mengkonfirmasi keakuratan ini
klasifikasi. Data pelatihan yang selanjutnya digunakan untuk menentukan ambang batas di setiap
metode klasifikasi berikutnya. Klasifikasi diawasi tambahan dari
ETM + citra dilaksanakan menggunakan parallelepiped (Hudak dan Brockett
2004) classifier. Dalam setiap klasifikasi, semua Landsat ETM + band optik yang digunakan dalam
klasifikasi. Klasifikasi diawasi diproduksi biner dibakar / terbakar
peta.
4. Pengolahan gambar
metode Indeks 4.1 Spectral
Indeks disajikan pada tabel 1 yang diterapkan pada ETM + citra dan piksel
digolongkan sebagai dibakar atau terbakar menggunakan threshold yang tepat. Dalam dibakar
literatur klasifikasi daerah, pilihan pendekatan yang berbeda telah
diadopsi untuk mengatur ambang klasifikasi otomatis dari metode yang menggunakan spektral
indeks (Fernandez et al. 1997, Barbosa et al. 1999, Roy et al. 1999, Nielsen et al.
2002, Vafeidis dan Drake 2005). Untuk tujuan studi ini, kami berusaha untuk mengeksplorasi
tes klasifikasi yang paling ketat. Dengan demikian kita menghitung rata-rata (m) dan standar
deviasi (s) dari indeks dari dataset pelatihan pixel terbakar dikumpulkan dari
analisis transek dan (berikut Barbosa et al. (1999), Holden et al. (2005),
dan orang lain) semua piksel dalam gambar didefinisikan sebagai terbakar jika nilai indeks mereka jatuh
dalam m¡2s jangkauan. Untuk MIRBI dan BAI kami menggunakan ambang batas tetap dilaporkan
di Trigg dan Flasse (2001) dan Chuvieco et al. (2002). Teknik MIRBI, ketika
diterapkan oleh Trigg dan Flasse (2001) ke savana di utara-timur Namibia,
permukaan ditentukan sebagai terbakar ketika nilai-nilai MIRBI yang .1.7. Sebagai studi kami adalah
dalam 400 km dari wilayah studi sebelum ini dan dalam lingkungan savana yang sama, kita
menggunakan batas ini sebagai dasar awal tetapi juga diselidiki penambahan berurutan dari
0,05 tentang nilai ini.
4.2 Klasifikasi Unsupervised
klasifikasi Unsupervised juga dilakukan dengan cara ISODATA
algoritma (Ball dan Aula 1965). Empat sampai 10 kelas dan empat iterasi yang digunakan dengan
pendekatan yang terakhir, yang mengakibatkan tujuh kelas akhir. Daripada visual mendefinisikan
setiap ISODATA kelas output yang terpisah sebagai dibakar atau terbakar, kami mengikuti mirip
pendekatan objektif dengan yang diterapkan pada metode indeks spektral. Mean dan
standar deviasi dari nilai-nilai kelas keluaran ISODATA dihitung untuk set
piksel yang terkandung dalam dataset pelatihan pixel yang terbakar dikumpulkan dari
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