Alcohol and Substance AbuseEllis an

Alcohol and Substance Abuse
Ellis and his colleagues have devoted considerable attention to the treatment of
alcohol and substance abuse. In their book Rational-Emotive Treatment of Alcoholism
and Substance Abuse, Ellis, McInerney, DiGiuseppe, and Yeager (1988) explain
an REBT theory of addiction and specific REBT cognitive, emotive, and behavioral
techniques to assist those with substance abuse problems. Their approach
to treatment of alcohol or drug abusers starts by establishing a persuasive therapeutic
relationship with the client and setting achievable goals. Clients are taught
how to dispute their dysfunctional thoughts about drinking or abusing drugs. An
example of how abusers can dispute irrational beliefs about inevitability and
hopelessness regarding drinking is shown here.
Irrational Belief: “Because I must not drink again and I did what I must not do,
it’s hopeless. I’ll always be a drunk and never be able to stop drinking.”
Disputing: “How can you prove that anything always will exist and never will
be changeable?”
IB: “But look how many times I tried to abstain and didn’t. Doesn’t that prove
that I can’t do so?”
Disputing: “No, it merely proves that you haven’t done it yet and that it is very
difficult to do so. But very difficult doesn’t mean impossible. Unless you
think it is and thereby make it practically impossible.”
Answer: “Maybe you’re right. I’ll think about that.” (Ellis et al., 1988, p. 74)
When clients have been able to demonstrate some control over addictive behavior,
later phases of REBT shift to “self-management of cognitive, emotional,
behavioral, and situational triggers for substance abuse” (Ellis et al., 1988, p.
107). Final treatment stages are devoted to helping clients use practical problem
solving to continue their abstinence (a common goal but not the only goal of
therapy) and to understand underlying irrational beliefs that are major contributors
to alcohol and drug abuse. Ellis and other therapists have studied reasons
for addiction. A common explanation for addiction, according to Ellis (1992d), is
that of low frustration tolerance, a concept suggesting that addicts cannot bear
much discomfort over the short term. Ellis has suggested a six-step model to explain
addiction that is related to emotional disturbance. According to Ellis
(1992d), when the REBT theory of addictive drinking is understood, therapists
and abusers can use it to undo thoughts, feelings, and behaviors involved in addiction.
This can be done in individual therapy or in self-help groups. Bishop
(2000) applies REBT to individual clients using many of the methods described
by Ellis et al. (1988).

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Alcohol and Substance AbuseEllis and his colleagues have devoted considerable attention to the treatment ofalcohol and substance abuse. In their book Rational-Emotive Treatment of Alcoholismand Substance Abuse, Ellis, McInerney, DiGiuseppe, and Yeager (1988) explainan REBT theory of addiction and specific REBT cognitive, emotive, and behavioraltechniques to assist those with substance abuse problems. Their approachto treatment of alcohol or drug abusers starts by establishing a persuasive therapeuticrelationship with the client and setting achievable goals. Clients are taughthow to dispute their dysfunctional thoughts about drinking or abusing drugs. Anexample of how abusers can dispute irrational beliefs about inevitability andhopelessness regarding drinking is shown here.Irrational Belief: “Because I must not drink again and I did what I must not do,it’s hopeless. I’ll always be a drunk and never be able to stop drinking.”Disputing: “How can you prove that anything always will exist and never willbe changeable?”IB: “But look how many times I tried to abstain and didn’t. Doesn’t that provethat I can’t do so?”Disputing: “No, it merely proves that you haven’t done it yet and that it is verydifficult to do so. But very difficult doesn’t mean impossible. Unless youthink it is and thereby make it practically impossible.”Answer: “Maybe you’re right. I’ll think about that.” (Ellis et al., 1988, p. 74)عندما العملاء استطاعت أن تثبت بعض السيطرة على سلوك الإدمان،مراحل لاحقة من ريبت التحول إلى "الإدارة الذاتية للمعرفي، والعاطفي،مشغلات السلوكية، والظرفية لتعاطي المخدرات "(إيليس et al., 1988, p.107)-مراحل العلاج النهائية هي مكرسة لمساعدة العملاء استخدام المشكلة العمليةحل للاستمرار الامتناع عن ممارسة الجنس (هدف مشترك ولكن ليس الهدف الوحيد منالعلاج) وأن نفهم الكامنة وراء المعتقدات اللاعقلانية التي هي من المساهمين الرئيسيينلتعاطي الكحول والمخدرات. إيليس والمعالجين الآخرين قد درس أسبابللادمان. تفسيراً مشتركاً للادمان، وفقا أليس هو (1992d)،أن التسامح منخفضة من الإحباط، هو مفهوم مما يوحي بأنه لا يمكن تحمل المدمنينإزعاج كبير على المدى القصير. أليس قد اقترح نموذج الخطوات الست لشرحالإدمان المرتبط بالاضطراب العاطفي. ووفقا إيليس(1992d)، عندما يفهم نظرية ريبت شرب الإدمان، المعالجينومتعاطي يمكن استخدامه للتراجع عن الأفكار والمشاعر، والسلوكيات المتورطين في الإدمان.يمكن أن يتم ذلك في العلاج فرادى أو في مجموعات المساعدة الذاتية. المطران(2000) وينطبق ريبت إلى عملاء الفردية باستخدام العديد من الأساليب الموصوفةأجراها إيليس et al (1988).