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Oxytocin has been shown to in¯uence the release of gastrointestinal hormones, such asCCK, gastrin and somatostatin, in rats, probably by promoting vagal nerve activity(BjoÈrkstrand et al., 1996a). Oxytocinergic neurons from the PVN project to both thedorsal motor nucleus of the vagus (DMX) and the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS)(Sofroniew, 1983), and central oxytocin is suggested to increase and decrease insulin levelsthrough the DMX and NTS, respectively (BjoÈrkstrand et al., 1996b). Such effects promoteanabolic metabolism and growth. Peripheral oxytocin has an effect on the release ofglucagon from the pancreas and may, thereby, elevate blood glucose levels (BjoÈrkstrandet al., 1996b). Thus, oxytocin may promote both mechanisms by which nutrients are mobilised as well as stored, two seemingly opposite functions which are both required formilk production. In non-lactating female rats weight gain is increased following administrationof oxytocin (UvnaÈs-Moberg et al., 1996).
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