CASE STUDIES IN INTERNATIONAL TRADE 555toward slower growth in spendin translation - CASE STUDIES IN INTERNATIONAL TRADE 555toward slower growth in spendin Indonesian how to say

CASE STUDIES IN INTERNATIONAL TRADE

CASE STUDIES IN INTERNATIONAL TRADE 555
toward slower growth in spending, and
encourage more innovation and technology.
In the first three years of the common
currency, that had not yet happened.
The principal beneficiaries of the common
European currency have been the peripheral
countries that posted the largest declines in
the deficit ratio and the rate of inflation.
• The Japanese economy set growth records
for the first 25 years after World War II, rising
about 10% per year. After that it settled
down to a somewhat less dramatic but still
highly respectable growth rate of 5% per year
through 1991. Since then, the overvalued
yen, coupled with continuing restrictions on
imports, has led to a growth rate of only 1%
per year. The overvalued yen, coupled with
the stock market decline and the weakened
conditions of many banks, also caused capital
spending to shift from Japan to overseas
markets.
• The east Asia ‘‘growth tigers’’ imitated the
early success of Japan, but starting in 1997,
devaluations of the currencies of Korea,
Thailand, Indonesia, and Malaysia by 50%
or more led to severe recessions the following
year, although those economies have
since bounced back. The devaluations were
caused by a combination of a slowdown in
the value of exports, due in part to declining
prices of semiconductors, a rate of inflation
higher than in the US, and excessive
borrowing abroad.
• In Latin America, economic reforms have
worked well in Chile, but that has not
yet been the case in Mexico, Brazil, and
Argentina, each of which has suffered a major
devaluation in the past decade. In each case
the devaluation was caused by the combination
of an overvalued currency, insufficient
emphasis on curbing government deficits, an
increasing trade deficit, and in the months
preceding the actual devaluation, a flight of
capital out of the country. NAFTA resulted in
a much bigger Mexican trade surplus with
the US, but in the first seven years it did
not boost the Mexican growth rate at all.
During the same period, when the US trade
deficit did increase sharply, its growth rate
also appreciated.
• In the future, countries that have large
government budget deficits and large trade
deficits probably will not be able to maintain
rapid growth rates indefinitely, and may
have to devalue their currency or use contractionary
fiscal and monetary policy to
reduce the growth in imports. Countries that
have recently devalued, or have recently
moved from a totalitarian region to capitalism,
are often considered superior places
for investment, but that is not likely to be
true unless those shifts are followed by bona
fide attempts to balance the public sector
and foreign trade sector over the business
cycle.
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CASE STUDIES IN INTERNATIONAL TRADE 555toward slower growth in spending, andencourage more innovation and technology.In the first three years of the commoncurrency, that had not yet happened.The principal beneficiaries of the commonEuropean currency have been the peripheralcountries that posted the largest declines inthe deficit ratio and the rate of inflation.• The Japanese economy set growth recordsfor the first 25 years after World War II, risingabout 10% per year. After that it settleddown to a somewhat less dramatic but stillhighly respectable growth rate of 5% per yearthrough 1991. Since then, the overvaluedyen, coupled with continuing restrictions onimports, has led to a growth rate of only 1%per year. The overvalued yen, coupled withthe stock market decline and the weakenedconditions of many banks, also caused capitalspending to shift from Japan to overseasmarkets.• The east Asia ‘‘growth tigers’’ imitated theearly success of Japan, but starting in 1997,devaluations of the currencies of Korea,Thailand, Indonesia, and Malaysia by 50%or more led to severe recessions the followingyear, although those economies havesince bounced back. The devaluations werecaused by a combination of a slowdown inthe value of exports, due in part to decliningprices of semiconductors, a rate of inflationhigher than in the US, and excessiveborrowing abroad.• In Latin America, economic reforms haveworked well in Chile, but that has notyet been the case in Mexico, Brazil, andArgentina, each of which has suffered a majordevaluation in the past decade. In each casethe devaluation was caused by the combinationof an overvalued currency, insufficientemphasis on curbing government deficits, anincreasing trade deficit, and in the monthspreceding the actual devaluation, a flight ofcapital out of the country. NAFTA resulted ina much bigger Mexican trade surplus withthe US, but in the first seven years it didnot boost the Mexican growth rate at all.During the same period, when the US tradedeficit did increase sharply, its growth ratealso appreciated.• In the future, countries that have largegovernment budget deficits and large tradedeficits probably will not be able to maintainrapid growth rates indefinitely, and mayhave to devalue their currency or use contractionaryfiscal and monetary policy toreduce the growth in imports. Countries thathave recently devalued, or have recentlymoved from a totalitarian region to capitalism,are often considered superior placesfor investment, but that is not likely to betrue unless those shifts are followed by bonafide attempts to balance the public sectorand foreign trade sector over the businesscycle.
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STUDI KASUS DI PERDAGANGAN INTERNASIONAL 555
ke arah pertumbuhan yang lebih lambat dalam belanja, dan
mendorong lebih banyak inovasi dan teknologi.
Dalam tiga tahun pertama umum
mata uang, yang belum terjadi.
Penerima manfaat utama dari umum
mata uang Eropa telah menjadi perangkat
negara yang diposting penurunan terbesar dalam
rasio defisit dan tingkat inflasi.
• perekonomian Jepang mencetak rekor pertumbuhan
selama 25 tahun pertama setelah Perang Dunia II, meningkat
sekitar 10% per tahun. Setelah itu menetap
turun ke agak kurang dramatis tetapi masih
tingkat pertumbuhan yang sangat terhormat dari 5% per tahun
melalui tahun 1991. Sejak itu, dinilai terlalu tinggi
yen, ditambah dengan pembatasan melanjutkan
impor, telah menyebabkan tingkat pertumbuhan hanya 1%
per tahun . Yen yang terlalu tinggi, ditambah dengan
penurunan pasar saham dan melemahnya
kondisi banyak bank, modal juga menyebabkan
pengeluaran bergeser dari Jepang ke luar negeri
pasar.
• 'pertumbuhan harimau' The Asia timur '' meniru
keberhasilan awal dari Jepang, tapi mulai di 1997,
devaluasi mata uang dari Korea,
Thailand, Indonesia, dan Malaysia sebesar 50%
atau lebih menyebabkan resesi yang parah berikut
tahun, meskipun ekonomi mereka telah
sejak bangkit kembali. Devaluasi yang
disebabkan oleh kombinasi dari perlambatan
nilai ekspor, karena sebagian menurunnya
harga semikonduktor, tingkat inflasi
yang lebih tinggi daripada di Amerika Serikat, dan berlebihan
pinjaman luar negeri.
• Di Amerika Latin, reformasi ekonomi telah
bekerja dengan baik di Chile, tapi hal itu tidak
belum pernah terjadi di Meksiko, Brazil, dan
Argentina, yang masing-masing telah mengalami utama
devaluasi dalam dekade terakhir. Dalam setiap kasus
devaluasi itu disebabkan oleh kombinasi
dari mata uang dinilai terlalu tinggi, tidak cukup
penekanan pada defisit membatasi pemerintah, sebuah
peningkatan defisit perdagangan, dan pada bulan-bulan
sebelumnya devaluasi yang sebenarnya, penerbangan dari
modal luar negeri. NAFTA mengakibatkan
surplus perdagangan Meksiko jauh lebih besar dengan
AS, tetapi dalam tujuh tahun pertama itu
tidak meningkatkan laju pertumbuhan Meksiko sama sekali.
Selama periode yang sama, ketika perdagangan AS
defisit memang meningkat tajam, tingkat pertumbuhannya
juga menghargai.
• di masa depan, negara-negara yang memiliki besar
defisit anggaran pemerintah dan perdagangan yang besar
defisit mungkin tidak akan mampu mempertahankan
tingkat pertumbuhan yang cepat tanpa batas waktu, dan mungkin
harus mendevaluasi mata uang mereka atau menggunakan kontraksi
kebijakan fiskal dan moneter untuk
mengurangi pertumbuhan impor. Negara-negara yang
baru-baru ini telah mendevaluasi, atau baru saja
pindah dari daerah totaliter ke kapitalisme,
sering dianggap tempat superior
untuk investasi, tapi itu tidak mungkin
benar, kecuali jika mereka pergeseran diikuti oleh bona
upaya fide untuk menyeimbangkan sektor publik
dan perdagangan luar negeri sektor alih bisnis
siklus.
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