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SincepublicationoftheAAAS 1989report"Sciencef or all Americans"( l),commissions, panels, and workinggroups have agreed that reform in scienceeducation should be founded on "scientificteaching,"in which teachingi s approachedwith the same rigor as science at its best (2).Scientific teaching involves active learningstrategiest o engages tudentsi n the processof science and teaching methods that havebeen systematically tested and shown toreach diverse students (3).Givent he widespreada greementi,t mayseem surprisingt hat change has not progressedrapidly nor been driven by the researchuniversities as a collective force.Insteadr3e formh asb eeni nitiatedb y a fewp ioneers,w hile manyo thers cientistsh avea ctivelyresisted changing their teaching. Sowhy do outstandingsc ientistsw ho demandrigorous proof for scientific assertions intheirr esearchc ontinueto use and,i ndeedd efendontheb asiso fthe intuitiona lone,t eachingmethods that are not the most effective?Manys cientistsa re still unawareo f the dataand analysest hatd emonstratteh e effiectivenessof active learning techniques. Othersmayd istrustth e datab ecauset heys ee scientistswho havef lourishedin the currenet ducationalsystem. Still others feel intimidatedby the challenge of learning new teachingmethodso r may fear that identiElcatioansteachersw ill reducet heirc redibilitya s researcher(s3 ).This Policy Forum is needed becausemost scientists don't read reports but theydo readS cience.I n additionr, eportsg enerallydo not offer a guide to learning how to madoscientific teaching, as we do with supportingonlinem ateria(l SOM)( 3) andt able(see page 522). We also present recommendationsfor movingt he revolutionf orward.Implementing Change in LecturesActivep articipatioin lecturesa ndd iscoverybasedlaboratoriehse lpss tudentsd evelopt hehabits of mind that drive science. However,mosti ntroductorcyo ursesr ely on "transmission-of-information"l ecturesand "cookbook"la boratoreyx - _ercises techniquetsh ata ren ot _highlye ffectivein fosteringc on- l_ceptualu nderstandinogr scien- _tific reasoningT. herei s mountingevidencet hats upplementingor replacingle cturesw itha ctive _jlearnings trategieas nde ngagingstudentsin discoverya nds cientificprocess improves learning and knowledgeretention(3 ).Introductorcyl asses often haveh igh enrollments,frequently approaching 1000students in biology courses. This need notbe an impediment to scientific teaching.Many exercises that depart from traditionalmethods are now readily accessible on theWeb,w hichm akesi t unnecessaryfo rt eachersto develop and test their own (3).Quantitativaes sessmenti ndicatest hatt heseinteractivea pproachesto lecturings ignificantlyenhance learning, and although timeallocated to inquiry-based activities reducescoverage of specific content, it doesnot reducek nowledgea cquisitiona s measuredby standardizeedx ams (4).Faculty are also using computer systemsto engage students, assess learning,and shape teaching. Students can be askedto read and solve problems on a Web site,and their answers can be analyzed beforeclass to guide the design of lectures (3).Somes cientistsh aver eplacedle cturesa lmostentirelyL. aws'sc ourse" Calculus-BasedPhysics Without Lectures" at DickinsonUniversity (5) and Beichner's program,SCALE-UPa, t North CarolinaS tate University(see figure, this page) rely on a problem-basedfo rmatin whichs tudentws orkc ollaborativeltyomakeo bservationasn dt o analyzeexperimental results. Students wholearnedp hysicsi n the SCALE-UPfo rmata t a wider angeo f institutiondse monstratebde tterproblem-sollrinagb ility,c onceptualu nderstandinga,nd successi n subsequencto ursescomparedw ith studentsw ho had learnedi ntraditionapl,a ssivef ormats( 3).These results are neither isolated nordiscipline-specific. At the University ofOregon, Udovic showed dramatic differencesbetween students taught biology in atraditionalle cturea nd those taught" WorkshopBiology," a series of active, inquirybasedlearning modules (6). Similarly impressiveresults were achieved by Wright ina comparisono f activea ndp assivel earningstrategies in chemistry (7). Others havetaught cross-disciplinary problem-basedcourses that integrate across scientific disciplines,such as Trempy's, "The WorldAccording to Microbes" at _ , 9 - i Oregon State University,l _ > which integrates science|1 | 1 > math,and engineering. The course serves science ma
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