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Scripts and schemas are frameworks within which meanmg IS created. Schemas represent shared meanings, mental models, or frames of reference, which Senge (1990) defined as "deeply ingrained assumptions, generalizations, or even pictures or images that influence how we understand the world and how we take action." A mental model in Knowledge Management, for example, is that learning is a mandatory and valuable component of every project. Scripts are a special type of schema. They contain context-specific knowledge about events and event sequences. For example, meetings and activities may end with an After Action Review (described in the KM Toolbox, Appendix C). Stories communicate knowledge derived from experience, by presenting that experience in a personal, emotional and context-rich way, which makes it far easier for the listener to identify with. This element of sense making is central to Snowden's third phase of Knowledge Management-the narrative, described in Chapter 1.
In a knowledge-friendly culture, there are shared meanings central to the organization's and group's, or team's, work. Many successful Knowledge Management initiatives are rich with stories of the team's or group's journey. There are often several important events that are universally referred to, thus building the story and creating organizational memory.
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