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to take antibiotic drugs (usually by injection) before, during or after their caesarean section, whether they have signs of infection ornot (antibiotic prophylaxis).Women taking prophylactic antibiotics are much less likely to have endometritis (infection of the womb’slining) and wound infection. See also the Cochrane Review ’Antibiotic prophylaxis regimens and drugs for caesarean section’.B A C K G R O U N DThe single most important risk factor for post-partum maternalinfection is cesarean delivery (Gibbs 1980). Women undergoingcesarean section have a five to 20-fold greater risk for infectioncompared with a vaginal delivery. Cesarean section rates averagegreater than 20% in the developed world and make up a similarpercentage of hospital deliveries in developing countries. Infectiouscomplications that occur after cesarean delivery are an importantand substantial cause of maternal morbidity and are associatedwith a significant increase in hospital stay (Henderson1995).Infectious complications following cesarean delivery include fever,wound infection, endometritis, bacteremia, other serious infection(including pelvic abscess, septic shock, necrotizing fasciitis andseptic pelvic vein thrombophlebitis) and urinary tract infection(Gibbs 1980; Leigh 1990; Boggess 1996). Fever can occur afterany operative procedure and a low grade fever following a cesareandelivery may not necessarily be a marker of infection (MacLean1990). Without prophylaxis, the incidence of endometritis is reported
to range from 20 to 85%; rates of wound infection and serious
infectious complications as high as 25% have been reported
(Enkin 1989). There has been no consistent application of a standard
definition for endometritis nor wound infection and surveillance
strategies for the ascertainment of infections, especially following
hospital discharge, varywidely (Hulton 1992;Baker 1995).
Differences in the socioeconomic status of the population studied
will explain some of the variability in incidence as will the use of
different criteria to diagnose infection.
Factors that have been associatedwith an increased risk of infection
among women who have a cesarean delivery include emergency
cesarean section, labor and its duration, ruptured membranes and
the duration of rupture, the socioeconomic status of the woman,
number of prenatal visits, vaginal examinations during labour and
internal fetal monitoring, urinary tract infection, anemia, blood
loss, obesity, diabetes, general anesthesia, the skill of the operator
and the operative technique (Gibbs 1980; Webster 1988; Magann
1995; Desjardins 1996; Killian 2001). Labor and ruptured
membranes appear to be the most important factors, with obesity
particularly important for wound infections (Beattie 1994). The
association of bacterial vaginosis with an increased incidence of
endometritis following cesarean delivery has also been reported
(Watts 1990).
The most important source of micro-organisms responsible for
post-cesarean section infection is the genital tract, particularly if
the membranes are ruptured. Even in the presence of intact membranes,
microbial invasion of the intrauterine cavity is common,
especially with preterm labour (Watts 1992). Infections are commonly
polymicrobial. Pathogens isolated from infected wounds
and the endometrium include Escherichia coli and other aerobic
gram negative rods, Group B streptococcus and other streptococcus
species, Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus aureus and coagulase
negative staphylococci, anaerobes (including peptostreptococcus
species and Bacteroides species), Gardnerella vaginalis and
genital mycoplasmas (Watts 1991; Roberts 1993; Martens 1995).
AlthoughUreaplasma urealyticumis very commonly isolated from
the upper genital tract and infected wounds, it is unclear whether
it is a pathogen in this setting (Roberts 1993). Wound infections
caused by Staphylococcus aureus and coagulase negative staphylococci
arise fromcontamination of the wound with the endogenous
flora of the skin at the time of surgery (Emmons 1988).
General principles for the prevention of any surgical infection include
sound surgical technique, skin antisepsis and antimicrobial
prophylaxis (Owen 1994). Although antibiotic prophylaxis during
cesarean section has been extensively studied and generally found
to be effective in preventing infection, surveys suggest inconsistent
and variable application of recommendations for its use (Pedersen
1996; Huskins 2001). Questions remain about the indications
for prophylaxis, the choice of drug (whether a broad spectrum or
longer acting agent is better), its route, timing and frequency, the
cost-effectiveness of different strategies, adverse effects of antibiotics
for the woman and her infant, and the potential for increased
use of antimicrobial prophylaxis to be a factor in the development
antimicrobial resistance (Mugford 1989; Mallaret 1990a; Shlaes
1997). Particularly controversial is whether antibiotic treatmen
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