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The shippers in particular complained that they were being charged the same THC frommembers of the same “conference” between shipping lines. Historically, in international linershipping, “conferences” were created between liners for the purpose of ensuring thatappropriate returns were achieved to guarantee that the long-run availability of efficientshipping services was maintained. The conferences were in effect joint-venture operations,and pooling arrangements between members resulted in economies of scale. Among theseconferences, the Shippers’ Council specifically mentioned the Intra-Asia DiscussionAgreement (IADA) and the Transpacific Stablization Agreement when discussing theircomplaint with the Hong Kong Consumer Council
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