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Allowstreestoadjusttheirwaterandnutrientuptaketolocalenvironmentalconditions shortroots (knownalsoasfirstandsecondorderrootswithprimarydevelopment) Morphologicalplasticityofectomycorrhizal (EcM).Themorphologicaltraits (MTs) ofshort-livingEcMroots, andarea suchasspecificrootlength (SRL), roottipfrequencypermassunit (RTF), roottissuedensity, aswellasmeandiameter, panjang, andmassoftheroottips,aregoodindicatorsofacclimation.WeinvestigatedtheroleofEcMrootmorphologicalplasticityacrosstheclimategradient(48–68◦N)inNorwayspruce(Piceaabies(L.)Karst)and(53–66◦N)birch(BetulapendulaRoth.,B.pubescensEhrh.)hutan, aswellasinprimaryandsecondarysuccessionalbirchforestsassuminghigherplasticityofarespectiveroottraittoreflecthigherrelevanceofthtcharacteristicinacclimationprocess.WehypothesizedthatalthoughthemorphologicalplasticityofEcMrootsissubjecttotheabioticandbioticenvironmentalconditionsinthechanginclimate; thetoolstoachievetheappropriatemorphologicalacclimationaretreespecies-spesifik.Jangka panjang (1994–2010) measurementsofEcMrootsmorphologystronglyimplythattreespecieshavedifferentacclimation-indicativeroottraitsinresponsetochangingenvironments.BirchEcMrootsacclimatedalonglatitudebychangingmostlySRL[plasticityindex(PI)=0.60],whilespruceEcMrootsbecameadjustedbymodifyingRTF(PI=0.68).Silverbirchasapioneerspeciesmusthaveabroadertolerancetoenvironmentalconditionsacrossvariousenvironments; Namun, themeanPIofallMTsdidnotdifferbetweenearly-successionalbirchandlate-successionalspruce.ThedifferencesbetweenspeciesinSRL,andRTF,diameter,andlengthdecreasedsouthward, towardtemperateforestswithmorefavorablegrowthconditions.EcMroottraitsreflectedroot-rhizospheresuccessionacrossforestsuccessionstages
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