Attacking both the structuralists and the behaviorists for their elementism, the Gestaltists emphasized cognitive and behavioral configurations that could not be divided without destroying the meaning of those configurations. Gestalt is the German word for “whole,”“totality,” or “configuration.” Antecedents of Gestalt psychology include Kant’s contention that sensory experience is structured by the faculties of the mind; Mach’s contention that the perception of space form and time form are independent of any specific sensory elements; Ehrenfels’s observation that although form qualities emerge from sensory experience, they are different from that experience; J. S. Mill’s notion of mental chemistry; James’s contention that consciousness is like an ever-moving stream that cannot be divided into elements without losing its meaning; act psychology, which emphasizes the conscious acts of perceiving, sensing, and problem solving instead of the elements of thought; and the emergence of field theory in physics.