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More broadly, this has now become the dominant strategy for most digital surveillance, and it is used extensively (in some cases exclusively) by most web-based surveillance systems, including ProMED-mail, GPHIN, and HealthMap. ProMED-mail continues to receive information from its traditional sources, such as firsthand reports from the field by clinicians and public health workers, but news reports (selected and edited by
the moderators) have increasingly become a dominant information source. HealthMap, started in 2006 by John Brownstein and colleagues at Children’s Hospital Boston and Harvard Medical School, added an additional innovation, the use of geographic information. Each outbreak report is not only listed but pinpointed on a map, so that more precise locations (to the extent that they can be deduced from the original reports) and clusters could be visualized. HealthMap has partnered with ProMED-mail for several years. In addition to ProMED-mail, a major source, HealthMap receives information from several news aggregators such as Google News, Moreover (a commercial service provided by VeriSign), GeoSentinel (a program for sentinel surveillance
of individual travelers, operated by the International Society of Travel Medicine and CDC), and others, as well as several official sources.37 HealthMap has also been pioneering other innovations, such as the mobile app ‘‘Outbreaks Near Me’’ or ‘‘Flu Near You’’ (in partnership with the American Public Health Association; https://flunearyou.org/) for Apple iPhone or iPad. Over the past decade, the WHO developed its own network of networks, originally called GOARN (the Global Outbreak and Response Network), which includes a
number of sources both governmental and informal, including GPHIN and ProMED-mail, making a sort of allsource system. An additional salutary effect of the new IHR has been enhancement of the verification and risk management process, through the designation and involvement of national IHR Focal Points.
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