One of the inclusion criteria in the study was that students
were 20 years of age or older. According to Taiwanese
law, persons who are under 20 years of age are
minors, so a parent’s or guardian’s signature is required
before such students can participate in the study. It was
not practical or convenient for undergraduate students to
obtain their parents’ or guardians’ signatures before filling
in the questionnaire. Therefore, the current study did
not investigate freshmen’s willingness to care for older
adults based on the IRB’s suggestion. Further studies
might consider including freshman nursing students