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The water situation for large and growing cities becomes even morechallenging in water basins shared by more than one country. Two in everyfive people are estimated to live in such transboundary basins, which covermore than 15 percent of the world’s land surface (UNDP, 2006). Cities intransboundary basins place heavy demands on urban water infrastructure;where management institutions are inadequate or unresponsive, the integrityof water resources is compromised and public health endangered (Shmueli,1999). Cities that share a common water body, such as Lake Victoria inTanzania, pose a special threat to freshwater quality and aquatic ecosystems.Border cities are also often affected by pollution problems stemming fromindustrial growth, urbanisation, and agriculture in the upper part of thebasin. An estimated 1.4 billion people now live in river basin areas that are‘closed’, meaning that water use exceeds minimum recharge levels, or nearlyclosed (UNDP, 2006).
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