20 Deanne N, Den Hartog, JaapJ, Van Muijen and Paul L, Koopman
Transactional leadership
A better understanding of transformational leadership can follow from contrasting it with transactional leadership. Burns (1978) argues that transactional leadership entails an exchange between leader and follower. Followers receive certain valued outcomes (e.g. wages, prestige) when they act according to their leader's wishes. Taking Burns as his starting point Bass (1985) notes that leadership in research has generally been conceptu-alized as a transactional or cost-benefit exchange process. Transactional leadership theo-ries are all founded on the idea that leader-follower relations are based on a series of exchanges or implicit bargains between leaders and followers. The general notion is that, when the job and the environment of the follower fail to provide the necessary moti-vation, direction and satisfaction, the leader, through his or her behaviour, will be effec-tive by compensating for the deficiencies. The leader clarifies the performance criteria, in other words whar is expected from subordinates, and what they receive in return (House, Woycke & Fodor, 1988). Several transactional theories have been tested extensively. Some have received considerable empirical support. Examples are path-goal theory (House,
1971; House & Mitchell, 1974; Indvink, 1986) and vertical dyad theory (Graen & Cashman, 1975; Graen & Scandura, 1987).
Transformational leadership
While the transactional leader motivates subordinates to perform as expected, the trans-formational leader typically inspires followers to do more than originally expected. Transformational leadership theories predict followers' emotional attachment to the leader and emotional and motivational arousal of followers as a consequence of the leader's behaviour (House et al.., 1988). Hater & Bass (1988) state: 'The dynamics of transforma-tional leadership involve strong personal identification with the leader, joining in a shared vision of the future, or going beyond the self-interest exchange of rewards for compliance' (p. 695). Transformational leaders broaden and elevate the interests of followers, generate awareness and acceptance among the followers of the purposes and mission of the group and motivate followers to go beyond their self-interests for the good of the group (Yammarino & Bass, 1990; see also Burns, 1978). Yammarino & Bass (1990) also note 'the transformational leader articulates a realistic vision of the future that can be shared, stim-ulates subordinates intellectually, and pays attention to the differences among the subor-dinates' (p. 151). Tichy & Devanna (1990) highlight the transforming effect these leaders can have on organizations as well as on individuals. By defining the need for change, cre-ating new visions, mobilizing commitment to these visions, leaders can ultimately trans-form the organization. According to Bass (1985) this transformation of followers can be achieved by raising the awareness of the importance and value of designed outcomes, get-ting followers to transcend their own self-interests and altering or expanding followers' needs.
Relations between transformational and transactional leadership
As Hater & Bass (1988) point out, contrasting transactional and transformational leader-ship does not imply that the models are unrelated. Burns (1978) thought of the two types of leadership _as being at opposite ends of a continuum. Bass (1985) however views them
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20 Deanne N, Hartog เดน JaapJ, Muijen และ Paul L, Koopman แวนนำทรานแซคชันความเข้าใจของภาวะผู้นำสามารถทำตามจากห้องด้วยความเป็นผู้นำธุรกรรม เบิร์น (1978) จนว่า เป็นผู้นำธุรกรรมมีการแลกเปลี่ยนระหว่างผู้นำและผู้ติดตาม ลูกศิษย์ได้รับผลเฉพาะบริษัท (เช่นค่าจ้าง เพรสทีจ) เมื่อพวกเขาทำตามความปรารถนาของผู้นำของเขา การเผาไหม้เป็นบันทึกของเขา (1985) เบสจุดเริ่มต้นที่เป็นผู้นำในการวิจัยโดยทั่วไปแล้ว conceptu alized เป็นกระบวนการแลกเปลี่ยนธุรกรรม หรือต้นทุนผลประโยชน์ ที-ries นำทรานแซคชันทั้งหมดก่อตั้งขึ้นจากแนวคิดที่ว่า ผู้นำสหสัมพันธ์อยู่กับชุดของแลกเปลี่ยนหรือราคานัยระหว่างผู้นำและผู้ติดตาม แนวคิดทั่วไปเป็นที่ เมื่องานและสภาพแวดล้อมที่หล่อไม่ให้ vation โมติจำเป็น ทิศทาง และความพึงพอใจ ผู้นำ ผ่านพฤติกรรมของเขา หรือเธอ จะ effec-tive โดยชดเชยสำหรับข้าม ผู้นำชี้แจงเกณฑ์ประสิทธิภาพ ในคำอื่นๆ คาดว่า whar จากผู้ใต้บังคับบัญชา และสิ่งที่พวกเขาได้รับในเที่ยวกลับ (บ้าน Woycke และ Fodor, 1988) ทฤษฎีต่าง ๆ เกี่ยวกับธุรกรรมได้รับการทดสอบอย่างกว้างขวาง บางส่วนได้รับการสนับสนุนมากประจักษ์ อย่างทฤษฎีเส้นทางเป้าหมาย (บ้านปี 1971 บ้าน & Mitchell, 1974 Indvink, 1986) และแนวตั้ง dyad ทฤษฎี (Graen และ Cashman, 1975 Graen & Scandura, 1987)ภาวะผู้นำWhile the transactional leader motivates subordinates to perform as expected, the trans-formational leader typically inspires followers to do more than originally expected. Transformational leadership theories predict followers' emotional attachment to the leader and emotional and motivational arousal of followers as a consequence of the leader's behaviour (House et al.., 1988). Hater & Bass (1988) state: 'The dynamics of transforma-tional leadership involve strong personal identification with the leader, joining in a shared vision of the future, or going beyond the self-interest exchange of rewards for compliance' (p. 695). Transformational leaders broaden and elevate the interests of followers, generate awareness and acceptance among the followers of the purposes and mission of the group and motivate followers to go beyond their self-interests for the good of the group (Yammarino & Bass, 1990; see also Burns, 1978). Yammarino & Bass (1990) also note 'the transformational leader articulates a realistic vision of the future that can be shared, stim-ulates subordinates intellectually, and pays attention to the differences among the subor-dinates' (p. 151). Tichy & Devanna (1990) highlight the transforming effect these leaders can have on organizations as well as on individuals. By defining the need for change, cre-ating new visions, mobilizing commitment to these visions, leaders can ultimately trans-form the organization. According to Bass (1985) this transformation of followers can be achieved by raising the awareness of the importance and value of designed outcomes, get-ting followers to transcend their own self-interests and altering or expanding followers' needs.Relations between transformational and transactional leadershipAs Hater & Bass (1988) point out, contrasting transactional and transformational leader-ship does not imply that the models are unrelated. Burns (1978) thought of the two types of leadership _as being at opposite ends of a continuum. Bass (1985) however views them
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