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The water situation for large and growing cities becomes even more
challenging in water basins shared by more than one country. Two in every
five people are estimated to live in such transboundary basins, which cover
more than 15 percent of the world’s land surface (UNDP, 2006). Cities in
transboundary basins place heavy demands on urban water infrastructure;
where management institutions are inadequate or unresponsive, the integrity
of water resources is compromised and public health endangered (Shmueli,
1999). Cities that share a common water body, such as Lake Victoria in
Tanzania, pose a special threat to freshwater quality and aquatic ecosystems.
Border cities are also often affected by pollution problems stemming from
industrial growth, urbanisation, and agriculture in the upper part of the
basin. An estimated 1.4 billion people now live in river basin areas that are
‘closed’, meaning that water use exceeds minimum recharge levels, or nearly
closed (UNDP, 2006).
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