Leiber et al. (1998) offered a relatively more rigorous analysis of the relationship between sub-cultural theory and the attitudes of adolescents toward the police. They identified race, social environment, subcultures and police contact as determining adolescents’ perceptions of and attitudes toward the police. However, Leiber et al. observed that race is the strongest predictor of perceptions of and attitudes toward the police, with White adolescents having the most favorable attitudes. The study was, however, limited to a single site and based on a small unrepresentative sample, thus failing to capture social context effectively and making the findings ungeneralizable.