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The first major indstry of the Industrial Revolution was cotton textiles. (Textile, aka cloth or fabric, is produced by weaving thread, which is produced by spinning fibre.) The speed of textile production was increased many times over, first via clever hand-powered devices (e.g. the spinning jenny), then steam powered machines. Subsequent major industries included iron, weapons, chemicals, and furniture. The overall technological transformation enabled by industrialization can be summed up in two phases: the age of iron and steam (ca. 1750-1880) and the age of steel and electricity (ca. 1880-present). 3,4Two critical American contributions to industrial production were interchangeable parts (invented by American arms manufacturers6) and the assembly line (developed by American meat-packing plants7). Both are nineteenth-century achievements.
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