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nSUSPENSIONS
nDefinition:
n Suspension means the dispersion of finely divided, insoluble solid particles (the dispersion phase) in a fluid (the dispersion medium). Most of the pharmaceutical suspensions consist of an aqueous dispersion medium, or it may be organic or oily liquid.
nThere are two types or suspensions:
nColloidal suspension: when the mean particle diameter of the dispersed phase is up to 0.5 µm.
nCoarse suspension: when the particles are above colloidal size (i.e. above 0.5µm)
nPhysical properties of a well-formulated suspension:
n1-The suspension must remain sufficiently homogenous for at least the period between shaking the container and removing the required dose.
n2-The sediment product on storage must be easily resuspended by agitation.
n3-If the suspension required to be thickened; its viscosity must not be so high that removal of the doses from the container and transfer to the sits of application is difficult.
n4-The suspended particles should be small and uniformly sized in order to give a smooth, elegant product free from gritty texture.
nPharmaceutical application of suspension:
n1) If the drug is insoluble or poorly soluble in a suitable solvent then formulation is usually required to be in suspension.
nExample: eye drops of hydrocortisone and neomycin are available as suspension because of their poor solubility in a suitable solvent.
n2) The degradation of drug may occur in the presence of water, so, it may be possible to synthesize an insoluble derivative which can be prepared as suspension.
nExample:OxytetracyclineHCl could be prepared by suspending its calcium salt in a suitable aqueous vehicle.
n3) Drugs which degrade in aqueous medium may be suspended in non-aqueous vehicle.
nExample:Phenoxymethylpenicilline is suspended in coconut oil and also, tetracycline HCl in the same base for ophthalmic use.
n4) Prolonged contact between the solid drug particles and the dispersion medium can be reduced by preparing the suspension prior to administration.
nExample:Ampiciline is provided by the manufacturer as the base or the trihydratemixed with the other ingredients. The pharmacist adds water immediately before use. The suitable shelf life is about 7 days at room temperature, and 14 days in a refrigerator.
05-19-2008, 10:07 PM #2 AMAF AMAF غير متصل
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n5) Some materials are required to be present in the GIT in a finely divided form, and their formulation as suspension will provide the desired high surface area.
nExample:Kaolin, Mg. carbonate and Mg. trisilicate which are used for the adsorption of toxins and to neutralize hyperacidity.
n6) The taste of drug is more noticeable if in solution than if in a suspension.
nExample:Paracetamol suspension is more palatable than Paracetamol Elixir BP, and, also, chloramphinicol mixture in suspension are more palatable than solution.
n7) Suspension of drug can be formulated for topical application.
nExample:Calamine Lotion BP, which leaves a light deposit of the active agent on the skin after the evaporation of the dispersion medium.
n8) Suspension can also be formulated for parenteral administration, in order to control the rate of absorption of the drug.
nThe drug may be suspended in fixed oil, such as arachis or sesame oil, and after injection, it is present in the form of oil globule in the tissue fluid forming a small surface area for drug release.
n9) Vaccines, which are used for the induction of immunity, are often formulated as suspension.
nExamples:
n A-Dispersion of killed microorganisms, as in Cholera Vaccine.
n
n B-The constituent toxoids, adsorbed on aluminium hydroxide, as in diphtheria and tetanus vaccine.
n10) Some X-ray contrast media are formulated in suspensions.
Examples:
n1- Barium sulphate, for examining the alimentary tract for rectal or oral administration.
n2- Propyliodone, dispersed in water or arachis oil for examining the bronchial tract.
nFormulation of Suspensions
n1) Particle size control:
n The drug to be suspended must be finely subdivided prior to formulation as the rate of sedimentation of a suspended particle can be retarded by reducing its particle size.
n Large particles (more than 5µm) give a gritty texture to the product and may cause irritation if injected or instilled into the eye. The ease of administration of a parenteral suspension depends upon particle size and shape. If the particle size is over 25 µm it may block the needle especially if they are acicular in shape rather than isodiametric.
2) The use of wetting agents:
n Insoluble solids may be:
n1- easily wetted by water and will disperse readily throughout the aqueous phase with minimum agitation, or
n2- exhibit hydrophobicity and not easily wetted, some of which form large porous clumps within the liquid, while the others remain on the surface and attached to the upper part of the container. This may be due to the interfacial surface tension between the solid and the liquid.The wetting agent reduces this effect and displaces the adsorbed air on the surface of the particles by the liquid.
nSome of the most widely used wetting agents in pharmacy:
05-19-2008, 10:10 PM #3 AMAF AMAF غير متصل
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nSome of the most widely used wetting agents in pharmacy:
nA) Surface active agents (Surfactants):
nSurfactants would project into the aqueous medium becoming hydrated. Thus wetting of the solid would occur due to a fall in interfacial tension between the solid particles.
Examples: Most surfactants are in 0.1% as wetting agents.
n-The polysorbates (Tweens) and Sorbitan esters (Spans), for oral use.
n-Sodium laurylsulphate and sodium dioctylsulphosuccinate for external applications.
nB) Hydrophilic colloids:
nThese materials behave as protective colloids by coating the solid hydrophobic with a multimolecular layer. This will impart a hydrophilic character to the solid and thus promote wetting.
nExamples:acacia, bentonite, tragacanth, alginates and cellulose derivatives.
C) Solvents :
n Water miscible materials will reduce liquid /air interfacial tension and will penetrate the loose agglomerates of powder displacing the air from the pores of the individual particles thus enabling wetting to occur by the dispersion medium.
nExample:alcohol, glycerol and glycols.
nFlocculation or Deflocculation:
n Suspensions may be flocculated or deflocculated depending on the forces of repulsion and the forces of attraction between the particles. In the deflocculated suspensions; the dispersed particles remain as discrete units and, since the rate of sedimentation depends on the size of each unit, settling will be slow. The repulsive forces between individual particles allow them to slip over each other. The slow rate of settling prevents the entrapment of liquid within the sediment which thus becomes compacted and very difficult redisperse. This phenomenon is called caking or claying, and is the most serious problems of physical stability of suspension formulation.
n In the flocculated system, aggregation of particulars will lead to much more rapid rate of sedimentation because each unit (or aggregate) is composed of many individual particles and is therefore larger. The rate also depends on the porosity of aggregates since, if porous, the dispersion medium can flow through and around each aggregates of floccule as it sediment.
nThe sediment of the flocculated system: consists of aggregates, each of them entraps a large amount of the liquid phase. These aggregates produce “Loose“or"fluffy" floccules of higher porosity with large volume and will easily redisperse by moderate agitation. The fast sedimentation rate, thus a danger of inaccurate dosing may occur, and also the product may look inelegant.
nThe slow sedimentation of deflocculates system enabling uniform dosing but after settling, sediment is compact and difficult to residperse. An ideal situation could be obtained by preparing deflocculated system with a sufficiently high viscosity to prevent sedimentation.
nFlocculating agents:
n1) Electrolytes: the addition of an inorganic electrolyte to an aqueous suspension will alter the “zeta potential “of the dispersed particles and if this value is lowered sufficiently then flocculation may occur.
nExample:sodium salts of acetates phosphates and citrates.
n2) Surfactants: both ionic and non ionic surfactants have been used to bring about flocculation of the particles in suspension. Ionic surfactants may cause deflocculation by neutralization of the charge on each particle. Non-ionic surfactants may be adsorbed onto more than one particle and produce flocculated system at the appropriate concentration.
n3) Polymeric flocculating agents: Polymers can be used to control the degree of flocculation. Their linear chain molecules form a gel-like network within the system and become adsorbed on to the surfaces of the dispersed particles thus holding them in a flocculated system.
nExample:starch, alginates, cellulose derivatives, tragacanth, Carbomers and silicates.
05-19-2008, 10:11 PM #4 AMAF AMAF غير متصل
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Viscosity modifiers
1) Polysaccharides:
a) Acacia gum (gum Arabic), Tragacanth, Alginates (eg. Sodium alginate), or Starch (eg. Sodium starch glycollate; Explotab, Primojel, is a derivative of potato starch used for the extemporaneous preparation of suspension, and also as disintegrant).
b) Water soluble cellulose: (eg. Methyl cellulose, Hydroxyethylcellulose, Sodium carboxymethylcellulose or Microcrystalline cellulose, Avicel)
2) Hydrated silicates: (Bentonite, or Magnesium aluminium silicate ,Veegum):
3) Carboxypolymethylene: (Carbopol)
4) Colloidal silicon dioxide: ( Aerosil, Cab-O-sil )
Formulation additives
1) Buffers:
The inclusion of b
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