A lower bound on the market size is
obtained by considering the number of European Distribution Centers (EDCs) and the activities carried out therein (see Figure 1 ). Outsourced EDCs, i.e., EDCs in which the activities are carried out under the responsibility of a logistics service provider, are outstanding examples ofTPL. After all, the activities concern both transportation and warehousing, and EDCs are usually characterized by close cooperation between a shipper and a provider.