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primary or secondary immunization (Figure 2), except that the primary IgA levels were higher in some of the mutants. Thus, IL-10 has no decisive function for the induction of antibody production and development of B cell memory during the interaction of Th2 and B cells. In addition, we measured the concentrations of antibodies of the various isotypes in the sera of nonimmunized IL10T and control mice (Figure 3). The levels of most isotypes were not significantly different between the two groups, indicating also that the antibody response of IL10T mice to environmental antigens is not fundamentally disturbed. The elevated levels of IgG1 and especially of IgA found in the majority of the IL10T mice probably reflect the increased numbers of IgA and IgG 1 plasma cells associated with the development of chronic enterocolitis in these animals (see below). IL10T Mice Develop a Thl Response upon Nematode Infection Infection of mice with the nematode N. brasiliensis induces the development of a Th2 response, with increased pro- duction of IL-4, IL-5, and IL-10. IL-10 might act as an effector molecule through which Th2 cells inhibit the devel- opment of a Tht response to this parasite (Mosmann et al., 1991). We compared the pattern of cytokines produced by Con A-stimulated spleen cells from Nippostrongylus- infected IL10T and wild-type mice to determine whether IL-10-deficient animals would develop a Thl response in addition to a nematode-induced Th2 response. The levels
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