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Research findings regarding the use of corporal punishment towards children has examined a number of different outcomes. Some reviews of the literature suggest that corporal punishment may lead to adverse child outcomes (Gershoff, 2002; Linke, 2002; Smith et al., 2004). For example, in a review of the research, Smith et al. (2004) reported a number of negative developmental consequences for children who had experienced corporal punishment, including: disruptive and anti-social behaviour; poor academic achievement; poor attachment and lack of parent-child warmth; mental health problems (particularly internalising problems such as depression); and substance and alcohol abuse.Other research suggests that the relationship between corporal punishment and adverse child outcomes is not definitive, mainly due to inconsistent definitions of corporal punishment and other methodological concerns (Ferguson, 2013). Baumrind, Larzelere and Cowan (2002) argued that findings such as those in the study by Gershoff (2002) may misrepresent the relationship between corporal punishment and child outcomes as the studies are often simplistic, and include in their definition of corporal punishment both children who have experienced milder forms of corporal punishment such as smacking, and children who have experienced serious physical abuse.More recent research documented retrospective accounts of punishment styles experienced by the adult children of twins from the Australian Twin Registry. This research found that controlled corporal punishment (defined as spanking or smacking) was only weakly associated with a negative outcome for children, but that harsh corporal punishment was strongly associated with poor behavioural and emotional outcomes. Having access to longitudinal data from the parental twins' childhood punishment experiences, as well as the experiences of their offspring, allowed this research to statistically control for genetic and environmental factors. The results indicated that the type of punishment a parent engages in has some causal influence (i.e., environmental factors had a greater impact than genetics alone) on a child's behavioural and emotional outcomes (Lynch et al., 2006).
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