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Community-Based Social Engagement
The period after the Civil War saw an explosion of community-based social activity in which several of the important methods of community social work became established, including social program devel-opment, research and planning, community orga-nizing, community development, policy advocacy, and social and political activism.
Social Programs
Settlement house staff worked to create small neighborhood playgrounds; day care programs for children; kindergartens; social clubs for children, teenagers, and adults; adult education programs; group work, recreation, and immigrant education programs; programs to combat juvenile delin-quency; probation services; and food safety pro-grams (Addams, 1938).
Community Planning and Research
COS social workers pioneered the development of a "science of charity" based on "rationality, effi-ciency, foresight, and planning" (Trattner, 1999, p. 88). One of their more important accomplish-ments was the establishment of the Council of Social Agencies, first developed by Francis McLean, super-intendent of the Brooklyn Bureau of Charities. Local Councils quickly sprang up in many U.S. cit-ies, emphasizing "assessment of community needs and rational decision-making in the development and location of community social service agencies" (Kuanian, 1985, p. 99) and bringing community agencies together in regular meetings for collective planning, coordinated funding, and delivery of ser-vices within the community (Rothman & Zald, 1985). Through their efforts "social services would be organized in an effective and efficient way, pro-ducing greater centralization of operations and more emphasis on professionalism" Mailman, 1984, p. 108). These councils were later incorpo-rated into Community Chests the antecedent of the United Way (Brilliant, 2(105).
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