By the time farmers detect
an infestation, it is usually very late and control
measures in the form of pesticide application are
ineffective. Control failure is probably because of the
lack ofpest monitoring system, improper timing of the
pesticide application, inappropriate insecticides and
resistance against the widely used pesticides (Matthews,
1993). Under such conditions, resistance imparted to
plants by Bt proteins, as described above, will be highly
desirable and will provide an effective and sustainable
control method for H. armigera in the field