Sleep duration and insufficient sleep likely represent overlapping, though separate, constructs[6, 13]. It is possible that these two influences exert different or combined effects on health. For example, it may be the case that even if an individual feels sufficiently rested after six hours of sleep, the body may not have had the time required to complete sleep-specific processes. In this case, sleep duration effects would be present in the absence of perceived insufficient sleep effects. On the other hand, a person may be experiencing a situation in which restorative processes associated with sleep are hindered by competing processes (e.g., chronic inflammation) and is able to recognize sleep insufficiency, despite adequate duration. If these situations were associated with negative outcomes, then it would be an effect of insufficient sleep separate from short sleep duration. While many studies have shown associations of sleep duration or insufficient sleep with cardiometabolic outcomes separately, few studies compared sleep duration versus sleep insufficiency as predictors of cardiometabolic health outcomes until now