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IntroductionMuslims all over the world believe that the Qur’an is the literal word of God as revealedto Prophet Muhammad through the Angel Gabriel at the beginning of the seventh century.The Qur’an was revealed over the course of twenty-three years. Most of its verses came in response to and as guidance for emerging situations or conditions faced bythe Prophet and his community of believers. Because any verse, when taken out ofcontext, could be misunderstood or misapplied, a science known as asbab an-nouzoul(“the causes for the revelation”) was developed to understand the specific reasonsfor and conditions related to any particular verse, thus enabling interpreters to betterdetermine its meaning.According to Radwan Masmoudi, president of the Center for the Study of Islam andDemocracy, while there has been no disagreement among Muslims that the Qur’an is theliteral word of God, there has been and continues to be substantial disagreement aboutthe meanings of certain verses and their application to different situations. That is why,following the death of Prophet Muhammad in 632 CE and for at least the first eight ornine centuries of Islam, there were a wide variety of opinions and schools of thoughton almost every issue and question. Another science known as ijtihad (or reasoning andinterpretation) was developed by Muslim scholars in order to understand and apply themessage of the Qur’an to varying societal needs and conditions.
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