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to take antibiotic drugs (usually by injection) before, during or after their caesarean section, whether they have signs of infection ornot (antibiotic prophylaxis).Women taking prophylactic antibiotics are much less likely to have endometritis (infection of the womb’slining) and wound infection. See also the Cochrane Review ’Antibiotic prophylaxis regimens and drugs for caesarean section’.B A C K G R O U N DThe single most important risk factor for post-partum maternalinfection is cesarean delivery (Gibbs 1980). Women undergoingcesarean section have a five to 20-fold greater risk for infectioncompared with a vaginal delivery. Cesarean section rates averagegreater than 20% in the developed world and make up a similarpercentage of hospital deliveries in developing countries. Infectiouscomplications that occur after cesarean delivery are an importantand substantial cause of maternal morbidity and are associatedwith a significant increase in hospital stay (Henderson1995).Infectious complications following cesarean delivery include fever,wound infection, endometritis, bacteremia, other serious infection(including pelvic abscess, septic shock, necrotizing fasciitis andseptic pelvic vein thrombophlebitis) and urinary tract infection(Gibbs 1980; Leigh 1990; Boggess 1996). Fever can occur afterany operative procedure and a low grade fever following a cesareandelivery may not necessarily be a marker of infection (MacLean1990). Without prophylaxis, the incidence of endometritis is reportedto range from 20 to 85%; rates of wound infection and seriousinfectious complications as high as 25% have been reported(Enkin 1989). There has been no consistent application of a standarddefinition for endometritis nor wound infection and surveillancestrategies for the ascertainment of infections, especially followinghospital discharge, varywidely (Hulton 1992;Baker 1995).Differences in the socioeconomic status of the population studiedwill explain some of the variability in incidence as will the use ofdifferent criteria to diagnose infection.Factors that have been associatedwith an increased risk of infectionamong women who have a cesarean delivery include emergencycesarean section, labor and its duration, ruptured membranes andthe duration of rupture, the socioeconomic status of the woman,number of prenatal visits, vaginal examinations during labour andinternal fetal monitoring, urinary tract infection, anemia, bloodloss, obesity, diabetes, general anesthesia, the skill of the operatorand the operative technique (Gibbs 1980; Webster 1988; Magann1995; Desjardins 1996; Killian 2001). Labor and rupturedmembranes appear to be the most important factors, with obesityparticularly important for wound infections (Beattie 1994). Theassociation of bacterial vaginosis with an increased incidence ofendometritis following cesarean delivery has also been reported(Watts 1990).The most important source of micro-organisms responsible forpost-cesarean section infection is the genital tract, particularly ifthe membranes are ruptured. Even in the presence of intact membranes,microbial invasion of the intrauterine cavity is common,especially with preterm labour (Watts 1992). Infections are commonlypolymicrobial. Pathogens isolated from infected woundsand the endometrium include Escherichia coli and other aerobicgram negative rods, Group B streptococcus and other streptococcusspecies, Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus aureus and coagulasenegative staphylococci, anaerobes (including peptostreptococcusspecies and Bacteroides species), Gardnerella vaginalis andgenital mycoplasmas (Watts 1991; Roberts 1993; Martens 1995).AlthoughUreaplasma urealyticumis very commonly isolated fromthe upper genital tract and infected wounds, it is unclear whetherit is a pathogen in this setting (Roberts 1993). Wound infectionscaused by Staphylococcus aureus and coagulase negative staphylococciarise fromcontamination of the wound with the endogenousflora of the skin at the time of surgery (Emmons 1988).General principles for the prevention of any surgical infection includesound surgical technique, skin antisepsis and antimicrobialprophylaxis (Owen 1994). Although antibiotic prophylaxis duringcesarean section has been extensively studied and generally foundto be effective in preventing infection, surveys suggest inconsistentand variable application of recommendations for its use (Pedersen1996; Huskins 2001). Questions remain about the indicationsfor prophylaxis, the choice of drug (whether a broad spectrum orlonger acting agent is better), its route, timing and frequency, thecost-effectiveness of different strategies, adverse effects of antibioticsfor the woman and her infant, and the potential for increaseduse of antimicrobial prophylaxis to be a factor in the developmentantimicrobial resistance (Mugford 1989; Mallaret 1990a; Shlaes1997). Particularly controversial is whether antibiotic treatmen
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