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In learner-controlled environments, selecting and sequencing information, and monitoring one’s own rate of progress imposes additional cognitive load onto learners [13]. LC demands free cognitive resources and posits an additional load on cognitive processing [1, 14, 15]. Moreover, Scheiter and Gerjets [1] caution for the risk of cognitive overload: if learning a particular content or executing a certain task puts too much load in working memory, then learning or task execution will be hampered [16]. In line with this, Granger and Levine [17, page 193] argued that “high learner-controlled environments place a higher burden for learning […] and cognitive load onto trainees.” As a consequence, “if trainees want to flourish in high learner-controlled environments, they require a higher working memory capacity” [17, page 193].
Cognitive load of instructional conditions such as LC is not to be considered as a by-product of learning but should rather be considered as the “major factor determining the success of an instructional intervention” [18]. This requires the measurement of cognitive load, not only from a cognitive processing perspective, but also from a motivational perspective
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