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The commonly used sign convention for axial forces is to define tensile forces as positive and compressive forces as negative. This convention is carried over to normal stresses: Tensile stresses are considered to be positive, compressive stresses negative. A simple sign convention for shear stresses does not exist; a convention that depends on a coordinate system will be introduced later in the text. If the stresses are uniformly distributed, Eq. (1.2) gives
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