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ในช่วงครึ่งหลังของศตวรรษที่ In the latter half of the 20th century, research in the fi eld of linguistics
สายของภาษาศาสตร์เริ่มที่จะเผยให้เห็นว่าภาษาอังกฤษสะกดการันต์(began to reveal that English orthography (the spelling patterns) represented
เป็นตัวแทนของความสัมพันธ์เชิงตรรกะและคาดเดาได้หยั่งรากลึกในความหมาย(logical and predictable relationships rooted in semantics (word meaning) as
เช่นเดียวกับระบบเสียง( well as phonology (speech sounds). Extensive research conducted within
this linguistic framework supported the conclusion that English spelling
represented a morphophonological system, wherein the letter symbols
relate to the speech units of the language but the structural or meaning
units (e.g., roots and affi xes) determine spelling and pronunciation—the
words look similar even if they are pronounced differently (Crowder &
Wagner, 1992). Subsequently, as an outgrowth of extensive research conducted
in the McGuffey Reading Clinic at the University of Virginia, an
approach to spelling instruction was developed that elucidated three layers
of information in the spelling system: the alphabetic or letter–sound layer;
the pattern layer (which links variant spellings of a sound to its position
74 SAWYER AND JOYCE
in a syllable); and the meaning layer (which links the spelling of different
words that are related in meaning, such as human and humane; Henderson
& Templeton, 1989 as cited in Templeton & Morris, 2000). Teachers
using this approach initiate instruction with letter–sound associations, use
word sorting to help students recognize different ways (patterns) to spell
some sounds (i.e., different spellings of the long sound of “e” as in beet,
meat, key, believe), and teach how spelling patterns are used to inform pronunciation
(e.g., stop, stopping where doubling the consonant preserves
the short sound of the vowel; mine, mining where dropping the e and adding
ing maintains the long vowel sound, as well as meaning).
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