Definition Given a two-place predicate P, if the sentence XPY is a CON translation - Definition Given a two-place predicate P, if the sentence XPY is a CON Indonesian how to say

Definition Given a two-place predic

Definition Given a two-place predicate P, if the sentence XPY is a CONTRADICTORY
of YPX, then P is an ASYMMETRIC predicate.
Example John is taller than Bill is a contradictory of Bill is taller than John. Therefore
taller than is an asymmetric predicate.
Practice (1) Is John is under the table a contradictory of The table is
under John? Yes / No
(2) Is under asymmetric? Yes / No
(3) Is father of as in Alphonso was the father of Benito asymmetric? Yes / No
(4) Is admire as in Jimmy Carter admires Norman Mailer
asymmetric? Yes / No
Feedback (1) Yes (2) Yes (3) Yes (4) No
Comment Asymmetry can be expressed as a meaning postulate in dictionary entries
(or the term ‘Asymmetric’ can be used as a shorthand for a meaning
postulate giving this information).
Example UNDER: x UNDER y 1~y UNDER x
UNDER: Asymmetric
Practice Are the following predicates symmetric (S), asymmetric (A), or neither (N)?
(1) Servant as in The Vizier is a servant of the Caliph S / A / N
(2) Love (verb) S / A / N
(3) Resemble S / A / N
(4) To the north of S / A / N
(5) Simultaneous with S / A / N
Feedback (1) A (2) N (3) S (4) A (5) S
Comment We now move to the second group of sense properties, which might go under
the heading of ‘reflexivity’.
Definition Given a two-place predicate P, if for any single referring expression X (or for
any pair of referring expressions X and Y which have the same referent, e.g.
John and himself), the sentence XPX (or the sentence XPY) is ANALYTIC,
then P is a REFLEXIVE predicate.
Example The predicate as tall as is reflexive, because whenever we form a sentence
with one referring expression as its subject and put another with the same
referent after as tall as, as in John is as tall as himself, the result is an analytic
sentence.
Practice (1) Do I and myself have the same referent in I am as old as myself ? Yes / No
(2) Is I am as old as myself analytic? Yes / No
(3) So is the predicate be as old as reflexive? Yes / No
(4) Are the capitalized predicates in the following sentences
reflexive?
(a) John’s doorkey is IDENTICAL TO itself Yes / No
(b) John LOVES himself Yes / No
Feedback (1) Yes (2) Yes (3) Yes (4) (a) Yes (b) No
Comment The example sentences above tended to be somewhat artificial. This is because
the definition of reflexivity rests on that of analyticity, and analytic sentences
are rare in everyday language, since they are, by definition, uninformative,
even though they convey important information about the structure of the
PART FIVE Word meaning
220
fundamental knowledge of the sense relations known by every native speaker.
We move on now to the property of irreflexivity, which corresponds to
reflexivity in the same way that asymmetry corresponds to symmetry.
Definition Given a two-place predicate P, if for any single referring expression X (or for
any pair of referring expressions X and Y which have the same referent, e.g.
John and himself) the sentence XPX (or the sentence XPY) is a
CONTRADICTION, then P is an IRREFLEXIVE predicate.
Example The predicate is taller than is IRREFLEXIVE, because any sentence X is taller
than Y, where X and Y have the same referent, is bound to be a contradiction.
Practice (1) Do Mary and herself have the same referent in Mary is
different from herself ? Yes / No
(2) Is Mary is different from herself a contradiction? Yes / No
(3) So is the predicate is different from irreflexive? Yes / No
(4) Are the capitalized predicates in the following sentences
irreflexive?
(a) Mary LOVES herself Yes / No
(b) Fred is SHORTER THAN himself Yes / No
Feedback (1) Yes (2) Yes (3) Yes (4) (a) No (b) Yes
Practice Are the following predicates reflexive (R), irreflexive (I), or neither (N)?
(1) distrust R / I / N
(2) identical to R / I / N
(3) co-extensive with R / I / N
(4) married to R / I / N
(5) contiguous with R / I / N
Feedback (1) N (2) R (3) R (4) I (5) I
Comment We move finally to the third group of sense properties, which might go under
the heading of ‘transitivity’.
Definition Given a two-place predicate P, if for any trio of referring expressions X, Y,
and Z the compound sentence XPY and YPZ ENTAILS the sentence XPZ,
then P is TRANSITIVE.
Example The King is in his counting house and his counting house is in his castle entails
The King is in his castle. So the predicate in is transitive.
Practice (1) Is above in the following sentence a two-place predicate?
John’s flat is above mine and mine is above Mary’s Yes / No
UNIT 18 Properties of predicates
221
PART FIVE Word meaning
222
(2) What does the above sentence entail concerning the relation between
John’s flat and Mary’s?
John’s flat is
(3) Is above transitive?..............................................................................Yes / No
(4) Are the capitalized predicates in the following sets of sentences
transitive?
(a) Socrates was WISER THAN Plato and Plato was
WISER THAN Aristotle
Socrates was WISER THAN Aristotle Yes / No
(b) Mary’s cat is the FATHER OF Gill’s cat and
Gill’s cat is the FATHER OF Gerald’s cat
Mary
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Definition Given a two-place predicate P, if the sentence XPY is a CONTRADICTORYof YPX, then P is an ASYMMETRIC predicate.Example John is taller than Bill is a contradictory of Bill is taller than John. Thereforetaller than is an asymmetric predicate.Practice (1) Is John is under the table a contradictory of The table isunder John? Yes / No(2) Is under asymmetric? Yes / No(3) Is father of as in Alphonso was the father of Benito asymmetric? Yes / No(4) Is admire as in Jimmy Carter admires Norman Mailerasymmetric? Yes / NoFeedback (1) Yes (2) Yes (3) Yes (4) NoComment Asymmetry can be expressed as a meaning postulate in dictionary entries(or the term ‘Asymmetric’ can be used as a shorthand for a meaningpostulate giving this information).Example UNDER: x UNDER y 1~y UNDER xUNDER: AsymmetricPractice Are the following predicates symmetric (S), asymmetric (A), or neither (N)?(1) Servant as in The Vizier is a servant of the Caliph S / A / N(2) Love (verb) S / A / N(3) Resemble S / A / N(4) To the north of S / A / N(5) Simultaneous with S / A / NFeedback (1) A (2) N (3) S (4) A (5) SComment We now move to the second group of sense properties, which might go underthe heading of ‘reflexivity’.Definition Given a two-place predicate P, if for any single referring expression X (or forany pair of referring expressions X and Y which have the same referent, e.g.John and himself), the sentence XPX (or the sentence XPY) is ANALYTIC,then P is a REFLEXIVE predicate.Example The predicate as tall as is reflexive, because whenever we form a sentencewith one referring expression as its subject and put another with the samereferent after as tall as, as in John is as tall as himself, the result is an analyticsentence.Practice (1) Do I and myself have the same referent in I am as old as myself ? Yes / No(2) Is I am as old as myself analytic? Yes / No(3) So is the predicate be as old as reflexive? Yes / No(4) Are the capitalized predicates in the following sentencesreflexive?(a) John’s doorkey is IDENTICAL TO itself Yes / No(b) John LOVES himself Yes / NoFeedback (1) Yes (2) Yes (3) Yes (4) (a) Yes (b) NoComment The example sentences above tended to be somewhat artificial. This is becausethe definition of reflexivity rests on that of analyticity, and analytic sentencesare rare in everyday language, since they are, by definition, uninformative,even though they convey important information about the structure of thePART FIVE Word meaning220fundamental knowledge of the sense relations known by every native speaker.We move on now to the property of irreflexivity, which corresponds toreflexivity in the same way that asymmetry corresponds to symmetry.Definition Given a two-place predicate P, if for any single referring expression X (or forany pair of referring expressions X and Y which have the same referent, e.g.John and himself) the sentence XPX (or the sentence XPY) is aCONTRADICTION, then P is an IRREFLEXIVE predicate.Example The predicate is taller than is IRREFLEXIVE, because any sentence X is tallerthan Y, where X and Y have the same referent, is bound to be a contradiction.Practice (1) Do Mary and herself have the same referent in Mary isdifferent from herself ? Yes / No(2) Is Mary is different from herself a contradiction? Yes / No(3) So is the predicate is different from irreflexive? Yes / No(4) Are the capitalized predicates in the following sentencesirreflexive?(a) Mary LOVES herself Yes / No(b) Fred is SHORTER THAN himself Yes / NoFeedback (1) Yes (2) Yes (3) Yes (4) (a) No (b) YesPractice Are the following predicates reflexive (R), irreflexive (I), or neither (N)?(1) distrust R / I / N(2) identical to R / I / N(3) co-extensive with R / I / N(4) married to R / I / N(5) contiguous with R / I / NFeedback (1) N (2) R (3) R (4) I (5) IComment We move finally to the third group of sense properties, which might go underthe heading of ‘transitivity’.Definition Given a two-place predicate P, if for any trio of referring expressions X, Y,and Z the compound sentence XPY and YPZ ENTAILS the sentence XPZ,then P is TRANSITIVE.Example The King is in his counting house and his counting house is in his castle entailsThe King is in his castle. So the predicate in is transitive.Practice (1) Is above in the following sentence a two-place predicate?John’s flat is above mine and mine is above Mary’s Yes / NoUNIT 18 Properties of predicates221PART FIVE Word meaning222(2) What does the above sentence entail concerning the relation betweenJohn’s flat and Mary’s?John’s flat is(3) Is above transitive?..............................................................................Yes / No(4) Are the capitalized predicates in the following sets of sentencestransitive?(a) Socrates was WISER THAN Plato and Plato wasWISER THAN AristotleSocrates was WISER THAN Aristotle Yes / No(b) Mary’s cat is the FATHER OF Gill’s cat andGill’s cat is the FATHER OF Gerald’s catMary
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Definisi Mengingat dua tempat predikat P, jika kalimat Xpy adalah bertentangan
dari YPX, maka P adalah predikat ASIMETRIS.
Contoh John lebih tinggi daripada Bill adalah kontradiktif Bill lebih tinggi dari John. Oleh karena itu
lebih tinggi dari adalah predikat asimetris.
Praktik (1) Apakah Yohanes bawah meja bertentangan meja adalah
di bawah John? Ya / Tidak
(2) Apakah di bawah asimetris? Ya / Tidak
(3) Apakah bapak seperti dalam Alphonso adalah ayah dari Benito asimetris? Ya / Tidak
(4) Apakah kagumi seperti pada Jimmy Carter mengagumi Norman Mailer
asimetris? Ya / Tidak
Feedback (1) Ya (2) ya (3) ya (4) Tidak ada
Komentar Asimetri dapat dinyatakan sebagai postulat makna dalam entri kamus
(atau istilah 'Asymmetric' dapat digunakan sebagai singkatan untuk arti
postulat memberikan informasi ini).
Contoh bAWAH: x UNDER y 1 ~ y bAWAH x
bAWAH: Asymmetric
? Praktek Apakah predikat simetris berikut (S), asimetris (A), atau tidak (N)
(1) hamba seperti dalam The Wazir adalah seorang hamba Khalifah S / A / N
(2) Cinta (kata kerja) S / A / N
(3) Menyerupai S / A / N
(4) Untuk bagian utara S / A / N
(5) Simultaneous dengan S / A / N
Feedback (1) A (2) N (3) S (4) A (5) S
Komentar sekarang kita pindah ke kelompok kedua dari sifat akal, yang mungkin pergi di bawah
judul 'refleksivitas'.
Definisi Mengingat dua a tempat predikat P, jika untuk setiap tunggal merujuk ekspresi X (atau untuk
setiap pasangan mengacu ekspresi X dan Y yang memiliki rujukan yang sama, misalnya
John dan dirinya sendiri), kalimat XPX (atau Xpy kalimat) adalah ANALYTIC,
maka P adalah REFLEXIVE predikat.
Contoh predikat The setinggi refleksif, karena setiap kali kita membentuk kalimat
dengan satu mengacu ekspresi sebagai subjek dan menempatkan lain dengan sama
referent setelah setinggi, seperti di John adalah setinggi dirinya, hasilnya adalah analitik
kalimat.
Praktik (1) Apakah saya dan saya sendiri memiliki rujukan yang sama di saya setua diriku? Ya / Tidak
(2) Apakah saya setua diriku analitik? Ya / Tidak
(3) Jadi adalah predikat yang setua refleksif? Ya / Tidak
(4) Apakah predikat dikapitalisasi dalam kalimat berikut
refleksif?
(A) doorkey John adalah identik ATAS sendiri Ya / Tidak
(b) John LOVES sendiri Ya / Tidak
Feedback (1) Ya (2) ya (3) ya (4) (a) Ya (b) Tidak ada
Komentar contoh kalimat di atas cenderung agak buatan. Hal ini karena
definisi refleksivitas bertumpu pada bahwa analyticity, dan kalimat analitik
jarang dalam bahasa sehari-hari, karena mereka, menurut definisi, tidak informatif,
meskipun mereka menyampaikan informasi penting tentang struktur
PART FIVE Firman berarti
220
pengetahuan dasar hubungan akal diketahui oleh setiap penutur asli.
Kami bergerak sekarang untuk milik irreflexivity, yang sesuai dengan
refleksivitas dengan cara yang sama bahwa asimetri sesuai dengan simetri.
Definisi Mengingat dua tempat predikat P, jika untuk setiap tunggal merujuk ekspresi X ( atau untuk
setiap pasang mengacu ekspresi X dan Y yang memiliki rujukan yang sama, misalnya
John dan dirinya sendiri) yang XPX kalimat (atau Xpy kalimat) adalah
kontradiksi, maka P adalah predikat irefleksif.
Contoh predikat ini lebih tinggi daripada irefleksif, karena setiap kalimat X adalah lebih tinggi
dari Y, dimana X dan Y memiliki rujukan yang sama, terikat menjadi kontradiksi.
Praktik (1) Apakah Maria dan dirinya memiliki rujukan yang sama di Mary adalah
berbeda dari dirinya sendiri? Ya / Tidak
(2) Apakah Mary berbeda dari dirinya kontradiksi? Ya / Tidak
(3) Jadi adalah predikat yang berbeda dari irefleksif? Ya / Tidak
(4) Apakah predikat dikapitalisasi dalam kalimat berikut
irefleksif?
(A) Mary LOVES sendiri Ya / Tidak
(b) Fred lebih pendek dari dirinya Ya / Tidak
Feedback (1) Ya (2) ya (3) ya ( 4) (a) Tidak ada (b) Ya
Praktek Apakah predikat berikut refleksif (R), irefleksif (I), atau tidak (N)?
(1) ketidakpercayaan R / I / N
(2) identik dengan R / I / N
(3) co-luas dengan R / I / N
(4) menikah dengan R / I / N
(5) yang berdekatan dengan R / I / N
Feedback (1) N (2) R (3) R (4) I ( 5) aku
Komentar Kami bergerak akhirnya ke kelompok ketiga sifat akal, yang mungkin pergi di bawah
judul 'transitivitas'.
Definisi Mengingat dua tempat predikat P, jika untuk setiap trio mengacu ekspresi X, Y,
dan Z senyawa kalimat Xpy dan YPZ memerlukan XPZ kalimat,
maka P adalah transitif.
Contoh Raja di rumah penghitungan dan rumah penghitungan nya di istananya memerlukan
The King berada di istananya. Jadi predikat di transitif.
Praktik (1) Apakah di atas dalam kalimat berikut predikat dua tempat?
Yohanes datar di atas saya dan saya berada di atas Mary Ya / Tidak
UNIT 18 Sifat predikat
221
BAGIAN LIMA Firman berarti
222
(2) apa kalimat di atas memerlukan mengenai hubungan antara
John flat dan Maria?
John flat adalah
(3) Apakah di atas transitif? ......................... .................................................. ... Ya / Tidak
(4) Apakah predikat dikapitalisasi di set berikut kalimat
transitif?
(a) Socrates adalah WISER dARI Plato dan Plato adalah
WISER dARI Aristoteles
Socrates adalah WISER dARI Aristoteles Ya / Tidak
(b) kucing Maria adalah bAPAK kucing Gill dan
Gill kucing adalah bAPAK kucing Gerald
Mary
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