That is, if propositional knowledge is stored in some medium, then it  translation - That is, if propositional knowledge is stored in some medium, then it  Indonesian how to say

That is, if propositional knowledge

That is, if propositional knowledge is stored in some medium, then it must be possible to extract precisely the same propositional knowledge. Suppose I know that Jane Austen was bom in 175. Afraid that I will forget this information, I make a note of the year of her birth. Subsequent I do forget, and I consult my notes. Unless my note enables me to know that she was born in 1715, it does not contain this information. The note need not be propositional in form. It might simply say Jane Austen, 1775-1817. It must, however, be possible to generate the proposition with which I began. This will be done by following a rule or algorithm. In this case, herule followed says that the first date following a name is the date of birth. Similarly, information stored in a graph or table can be algorithmically transformed into propositional form.
These reflections on the storage ofinformation are important because we lack algorithms for transforming pictures into propositions. This point is anticipated in the Philosophical Investigarions in the discussion of the picture of the boxer. Suppose we are presented with a picture of a boxer in a particular stance. The picture might be thought to state that some boxer stood in a particular way. It could equally easily be thought to state that the represented stance is the one favoured by boxing instructors, or that it is not a stance recommended by pugilists. The point is that we have no general rule for determining what propositions are stored in this (or any other picture. Since something is a vehicle of information only if propositional knowledge can be determinately extracted from it, pictures are not vehicles of information. This point is even more obvious when we consider works of pictorial art. One might reasonably think that a painting by Canaletto of San Marco contains the information that the cathedral looks a certain way. Even if this is the case (which I deny), we clearly have no rule for extracting information from other pictures. It is frequently suggested, for example, that Picasso's Guemica provides insight into the evil of fascism and the horrors of modern war Perhaps it does, but not because it contains the information that fascism is evil. Viewers lack a rule that will enable them to derive the proposition that fascism is evil from the painting. At most, Guermica may be said to contain the information that some people were dismembered. One cannot, however, validly infer from this information the conclusion that fascism is evil.
In spite of these arguments, pictures might seem to contain information. Someone might hold that a photograph of Churchill contains the information that he had a nose. One could say, in defence of this view, that rules exist for the interpretation of such a picture. Given these rules, one might argue, it is possible to say that the picture states that Churchill had a nose. In responding to this argument, we need to recall the difference between deriving information from an object and extracting stored propositional knowledge. Nothing I have said should be taken to deny that information can be derived from pictures.
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Yaitu jika pengetahuan propositional disimpan dalam beberapa media, maka itu harus dimungkinkan untuk mengekstrak justru yang sama propositional dengan pengetahuan. Misalnya, aku tahu bahwa Jane Austen adalah bom di 175. Takut bahwa aku akan melupakan informasi ini, aku membuat catatan tahun kelahirannya. Berikutnya aku lupa, dan saya berkonsultasi dengan catatan saya. Kecuali catatan saya memungkinkan saya untuk mengetahui bahwa ia dilahirkan di 1715, tidak mengandung informasi ini. Catatan tidak perlu propositional dalam bentuk. Ini hanya mungkin mengatakan Jane Austen, 1775-1817. Itu harus, bagaimanapun, mungkin untuk menghasilkan proposisi yang saya mulai. Ini akan dilakukan dengan mengikuti aturan atau algoritma. Dalam kasus ini, herule yang diikuti mengatakan bahwa kencan pertama yang mengikuti nama tanggal lahir. Demikian pula, informasi yang tersimpan dalam grafik atau tabel dapat algorithmically berubah menjadi bentuk propositional.These reflections on the storage ofinformation are important because we lack algorithms for transforming pictures into propositions. This point is anticipated in the Philosophical Investigarions in the discussion of the picture of the boxer. Suppose we are presented with a picture of a boxer in a particular stance. The picture might be thought to state that some boxer stood in a particular way. It could equally easily be thought to state that the represented stance is the one favoured by boxing instructors, or that it is not a stance recommended by pugilists. The point is that we have no general rule for determining what propositions are stored in this (or any other picture. Since something is a vehicle of information only if propositional knowledge can be determinately extracted from it, pictures are not vehicles of information. This point is even more obvious when we consider works of pictorial art. One might reasonably think that a painting by Canaletto of San Marco contains the information that the cathedral looks a certain way. Even if this is the case (which I deny), we clearly have no rule for extracting information from other pictures. It is frequently suggested, for example, that Picasso's Guemica provides insight into the evil of fascism and the horrors of modern war Perhaps it does, but not because it contains the information that fascism is evil. Viewers lack a rule that will enable them to derive the proposition that fascism is evil from the painting. At most, Guermica may be said to contain the information that some people were dismembered. One cannot, however, validly infer from this information the conclusion that fascism is evil.In spite of these arguments, pictures might seem to contain information. Someone might hold that a photograph of Churchill contains the information that he had a nose. One could say, in defence of this view, that rules exist for the interpretation of such a picture. Given these rules, one might argue, it is possible to say that the picture states that Churchill had a nose. In responding to this argument, we need to recall the difference between deriving information from an object and extracting stored propositional knowledge. Nothing I have said should be taken to deny that information can be derived from pictures.
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Artinya, jika pengetahuan proposisional disimpan di beberapa media, maka itu harus mungkin untuk mengekstrak tepatnya pengetahuan proposisional yang sama. Misalkan saya tahu bahwa Jane Austen lahir di 175. Takut bahwa saya akan melupakan informasi ini, saya membuat catatan dari tahun kelahirannya. Selanjutnya saya lupa, dan saya berkonsultasi catatan saya. Kecuali catatan saya memungkinkan saya untuk mengetahui bahwa dia lahir di 1715, tidak mengandung informasi ini. Catatan tidak perlu proposisional dalam bentuk. Ini hanya mungkin mengatakan Jane Austen, 1775-1817. Ini harus, bagaimanapun, mungkin untuk menghasilkan proposisi dengan yang saya mulai. Ini akan dilakukan dengan mengikuti aturan atau algoritma. Dalam hal ini, herule diikuti mengatakan bahwa kencan pertama berikut nama adalah tanggal lahir. Demikian pula, informasi yang tersimpan dalam grafik atau tabel dapat algoritme diubah menjadi bentuk proposisional.
Refleksi ini pada ofinformation penyimpanan penting karena kita kekurangan algoritma untuk mengubah gambar menjadi proposisi. Hal ini diantisipasi dalam Investigarions filosofis dalam pembahasan gambar petinju. Misalkan kita disajikan dengan gambar seorang petinju dalam posisi tertentu. Gambar mungkin berpikir untuk menyatakan bahwa beberapa petinju berdiri dengan cara tertentu. Ini bisa sama-sama mudah berpikir untuk menyatakan bahwa sikap diwakili adalah salah satu yang disukai oleh instruktur tinju, atau bahwa itu bukan sikap yang direkomendasikan oleh pugilists. Intinya adalah bahwa kita tidak memiliki aturan umum untuk menentukan apa yang proposisi disimpan dalam ini (atau gambar lainnya. Karena sesuatu adalah kendaraan informasi hanya jika pengetahuan proposisional dapat determinately diekstraksi dari itu, gambar tidak kendaraan informasi. Hal ini bahkan lebih jelas ketika kita mempertimbangkan karya seni bergambar. satu mungkin cukup berpikir bahwa sebuah lukisan karya Canaletto dari San Marco berisi informasi yang katedral terlihat dengan cara tertentu. bahkan jika ini adalah kasus (yang saya menyangkal), kami jelas memiliki ada aturan untuk mengekstraksi informasi dari gambar yang lain. Hal ini sering disarankan, misalnya, bahwa Picasso Guemica memberikan wawasan jahat fasisme dan kengerian perang modern yang Mungkin itu, tapi bukan karena mengandung informasi bahwa fasisme adalah jahat. Pemirsa kekurangan aturan yang akan memungkinkan mereka untuk memperoleh proposisi bahwa fasisme adalah jahat dari lukisan itu. paling-paling, Guermica dapat dikatakan berisi informasi bahwa beberapa orang dipotong-potong. Satu tidak bisa, bagaimanapun, secara sah menyimpulkan dari informasi ini kesimpulan bahwa fasisme adalah jahat.
Meskipun argumen ini, gambar mungkin tampak mengandung informasi. Seseorang mungkin berpendapat bahwa sebuah foto Churchill berisi informasi bahwa ia memiliki hidung. Orang bisa mengatakan, dalam membela pandangan ini, bahwa aturan ada untuk interpretasi seperti gambar. Mengingat aturan ini, orang mungkin berpendapat, adalah mungkin untuk mengatakan bahwa gambar menyatakan bahwa Churchill memiliki hidung. Dalam menanggapi argumen ini, kita perlu mengingat perbedaan antara berasal informasi dari suatu objek dan ekstraksi pengetahuan proposisional disimpan. Tidak ada yang saya katakan harus diambil untuk menyangkal bahwa informasi dapat berasal dari gambar.
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