Although speaking and writing relationships have been focused on educa translation - Although speaking and writing relationships have been focused on educa Malay how to say

Although speaking and writing relat

Although speaking and writing relationships have been focused on educational contexts (see above)
the dynamics and interrelationships of speaking and writing constitute the discourses which more
generally hold all institutions together. The uses of oral and written language in institutional settings
illustrate again the challenge to literacy as a neutral, technical achievement. Oral/literacy practices are
part of much wider sets of knowledge and skills, which like communicative power are distributed
differentially. Rockhill (1987), for example, discusses how managing bureaucratic forms means
understanding all the complex regulations which underpin these forms, not just the technical skill of
knowing which box to fill in. The managing of such forms is part of the “gatekeeping” process
(Erickson and Shultz, 1982; Gumperz, 1982a), locating literacy in the structures of power and mixing
and switching between spoken and written language to meet specific institutional demands,
constructing and reproducing “how institutions think” (Douglas, 1986). Institutional ways of speaking
and writing, central to the relationship between language and the political economy (Gal, 1989) are
the sites of social legitimation and devaluation. The gatekeeping encounters represent those
heightened moments of judgment and record-keeping when clients and applicants are evaluated as
adequate, competent, and morally acceptable (Silverman and Jones, 1976; Flett, 1979; Gumperz,
1982a, 1992; Erickson and Shultz, 1986).
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Although speaking and writing relationships have been focused on educational contexts (see above)the dynamics and interrelationships of speaking and writing constitute the discourses which moregenerally hold all institutions together. The uses of oral and written language in institutional settingsillustrate again the challenge to literacy as a neutral, technical achievement. Oral/literacy practices arepart of much wider sets of knowledge and skills, which like communicative power are distributeddifferentially. Rockhill (1987), for example, discusses how managing bureaucratic forms meansunderstanding all the complex regulations which underpin these forms, not just the technical skill ofknowing which box to fill in. The managing of such forms is part of the “gatekeeping” process(Erickson and Shultz, 1982; Gumperz, 1982a), locating literacy in the structures of power and mixingand switching between spoken and written language to meet specific institutional demands,constructing and reproducing “how institutions think” (Douglas, 1986). Institutional ways of speakingand writing, central to the relationship between language and the political economy (Gal, 1989) arethe sites of social legitimation and devaluation. The gatekeeping encounters represent thoseheightened moments of judgment and record-keeping when clients and applicants are evaluated asadequate, competent, and morally acceptable (Silverman and Jones, 1976; Flett, 1979; Gumperz,1982a, 1992; Erickson and Shultz, 1986).
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Walaupun bercakap dan menulis hubungan telah memberi tumpuan kepada konteks pendidikan (lihat di atas)
dinamik dan saling bercakap dan menulis merupakan wacana yang lebih
umumnya memegang semua institusi bersama-sama. Kegunaan bahasa lisan dan bertulis dalam tetapan institusi
menggambarkan lagi cabaran untuk literasi sebagai, pencapaian teknikal neutral. Oral / amalan literasi adalah
sebahagian daripada set lebih luas pengetahuan dan kemahiran, yang seperti kuasa komunikatif diedarkan
secara berbeza. Rockhill (1987), sebagai contoh, membincangkan bagaimana menguruskan bentuk birokrasi bermakna
memahami segala peraturan yang kompleks yang menyokong bentuk-bentuk ini, bukan hanya kemahiran teknikal
mengetahui yang kotak untuk mengisi dalam. Urusan bentuk itu adalah sebahagian daripada "gatekeeping" proses
(Erickson dan Shultz, 1982; Gumperz, 1982a), mengesan celik dalam struktur kuasa dan pencampuran
dan beralih antara bahasa lisan dan bertulis untuk memenuhi permintaan institusi tertentu,
membina dan menghasilkan semula "bagaimana institusi berfikir" (Douglas, 1986). Cara institusi bercakap
dan menulis, penting kepada hubungan antara bahasa dan ekonomi politik (Gal, 1989) adalah
yang paling legitimasi sosial dan penurunan nilai. Pertemuan gatekeeping mewakili orang-orang
momen memuncak penghakiman dan penyimpanan rekod apabila pelanggan dan pemohon dinilai sebagai
yang mencukupi, kompeten, dan diterima dari segi moral (Silverman dan Jones, 1976; Flett, 1979; Gumperz,
1982a, 1992; Erickson dan Shultz, 1986) .
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