Speaking is an interactive process

Speaking is an interactive process of constructing meaning that involves producing and receiving and processing information (Brown, 1994; Burns & Joyce, 1997). Its form and meaning are dependent on the context in which it occurs, including the participants themselves, their collective experiences, the physical environment, and the purposes for speaking. It is often spontaneous, open-ended, and evolving. However, speech is not always unpredictable. Language functions (or patterns) that tend to recur in certain discourse situations (e.g., declining an invitation or requesting time off from work), can be identified and charted (Burns &Joyce, 1997). For example, when a salesperson asks "May I help you?" the expected discourse sequence includes a statement of need, response to the need, offer of appreciation, acknowledgement of the appreciation, and a leave-taking exchange. Speaking requires that learners not only know how to produce specific points of language such as grammar, pronunciation, or vocabulary (linguistic competence), but also that they understand when, why, and in what ways to produce language (sociolinguistic competence). Finally, speech has its own skills, structures, and conventions different from written language (Burns & Joyce, 1997; Carter & McCarthy, 1995; Cohen, 1996). A good speaker synthesizes this array of skills and knowledge to succeed in a given speech act.

Results (Uzbek) 1:

Gapirganda ishlab chiqarish va qabul qilish va axborot ishlash ichiga oladi ma'nosini qurish interaktiv jarayon (Brown, 1994; Berns & Joys, 1997). Uning shakli va ma'nosi ishtirokchilari o'zlari, ularning jamoaviy tajriba, jismoniy atrof-muhit va nutq uchun maqsadlarini jumladan, yuz qaysi nuqtai nazardan bog'liq. Bu tez-tez, o'z-o'zidan ochiq-uch va rivojlanayotgan hisoblanadi. Biroq, nutq har doim oldindan aytish qiyin emas. Til vazifalari (yoki naqsh) muayyan til vaziyatlarda (masalan, taklif kamayib yoki ishdan off vaqt talab), aniqlangan va (Bernsni & Joys, 1997) belgilab bo'lishi mumkin qaytmoq moyil. a sotuvchi so'raydi Misol uchun, "Men sizga yordam maylimi?" kutilgan nutq ketma-ketlikdagi muhtoj, muhtoj javoban, taqdir Taklif, taqdir tasdiqlash va xayrlashish almashinuvi bayonot o'z ichiga oladi. Nutq o'quvchilar nafaqat bunday grammatika, talaffuz, yoki so'z (lingvistik mahorat) sifatida tilning o'ziga xos ochko ishlab chiqarish uchun qanday bilamiz talab qiladi, lekin, shuningdek, ular tushunish qachon, yo'llari tili (sosyolinguistik vakolatlari) ishlab chiqarish uchun nima uchun va qanday. (; Karter & McCarthy, 1995; Cohen, 1996 Berns & Joys, 1997) Nihoyat, nutq, yozma til farq o'z mahoratini, tuzilmalarni va anjumanlari bor. Yaxshi spikeri berilgan nutq harakat muvaffaqiyatli ko'nikma va bilim, bu qator ishlab chiqarila boshlaydi.