Diseases caused by different infectious disease pathogens for which no effective vaccines exist, such as HIV, malaria, tuberculosis and parasitic helminths remain uncontrolled.19 Attempts at developing vaccines for these diseases have proved challenging for a number of reasons.19 Obstacles that must be overcome include the need for the elicitation of an immune response greater than that induced by natural infection as well as an understanding of mechanisms of protective immunity in humans. Vaccine development against parasitic helminths in particular has been hampered by a poor understanding of the complex interactions between the human host and parasites, including the mechanisms behind protective immunity.