Formal controls are written, management initiated mechanisms while informal controls, in contrast, are unwritten, typically staff-initiated mechanisms. Though formal controls are clearly designed by organization, they can also play a role in shaping the informal control. Professional control is exercised when the organizational unit establishes certain standards, monitors conformity, and takes action when social deviations occur. In contrast, cultural control refers to the pattern of shared values and beliefs that guide norms of behavior within the organization (Deshpande and Webster, 1989).