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Gender profiles of traffickersAn analysis of potential offenders’ first contact with the criminal justice system – the time of suspicion and/or investigation but before prosecution – shows that 38 percent of suspected offenders were women during 2010-2012. This is another anomaly in comparison to other types of crime. While the majority, some 62 per cent, of suspected traffickers are male, the female share is large. These shares are similar, though somewhat smaller, at other stages of the criminal justice process as well: 32 per cent of prosecuted and 28 per cent of convicted traffickers are women. For most other crimes, the share of females among the total number of convicted persons is in the range of 10-15 per cent.Relatively high female involvement appears to be another characteristic of the crime of trafficking in persons.When looking at the gender and age of offenders and victims, for the period 2007-2010, countries with high rates of female offending were generally countries where many underage female (girl) victims were detected. This could indicate that female traffickers are more frequently involved in the trafficking of girls.One possible explanation for the high female involvement in this crime is that women might play different roles in the trafficking process; roles that may be more visible and therefore more easily detected by law enforcement. Perhaps women are more frequently used as recruiters, particularly in cases of trafficking for sexual exploitation, as they may be more easily trusted by other females. Women may also be more likely to be assigned roles as guards, money collectors and/or receptionists in places where exploitation takes place. These ‘low-ranking’ activities are often more exposed to the risks of detection and prosecution. In addition, the roles of women in the human trafficking process often seem to be those that require frequent interaction with victims. This can increase the risk of detection for female offenders since many investigations of trafficking in persons cases rely heavily on victims’ testimonies. Another factor may be that a relatively high proportion of trafficking cases seems to involve intimate partner and/or family relations. This was seen in the court cases, where convictions of intimate partners or two or more people in close family relationships were reported from several countries.There are some regional differences in terms of the gender breakdown of persons prosecuted for and convicted of trafficking in persons. Female offending rates in Eastern Europe and Central Asia are higher than the global average. Africa and the Middle East, as well as the subregion of Western and Central Europe, report relatively low shares of convicted female offenders.
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