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Bonding in carbon is covalent, containing either sigma or (pi) bonds. Carbon can make single, double, or triple bonds. The number of bonds it makes determines the structure. With four single bonds, carbon has a tetrahedral structure, while with one double bond it's structure is trigonal planar, and with a triple bond it has a linear structure.A solitary carbon atom has four electrons, two in the 2s orbital, and one in each of the 2(p_x) and 2(p_y) orbitals, leaving the (2p_z) orbital empty. A single carbon atom can make up to four bonds, but by looking at its electron configuration this would not be possible because there are only two electrons available to bond with. The other two are in a lone pair state, making them much less reactive to another electron that is by itself. Well it is, in order to make the four bonds, the carbon atom promotes one of the 2s electrons into the empty (2p_z) orbital, leaving the carbon with four unpaired electrons allowing it to now form four bonds. The electron is not promoted spontaneously. It becomes promoted when a photon of light with the correct wavelength hits the carbon atom. When this photon hits the carbon atom it gives the atom enough energy to promote one of the lone pair electrons to the (2p_z) orbital.
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