CHAPTER IIREVIEW OF RELATED LITERAT

CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
At this chapter the author will present a review of intrinsic element related to this novel , the first is theme and the second is characterization.
2.1 Theme
Tema adalah gagasan utama atau pikiran pokok sebuah karya sastra (Tarigan, 2002:7). If we read fiction, often feel that the author did not merely want to convey a story with storytelling. There is something to the author presented through the story. The reason the author wanted to convey the story was about to present an idea.
According to Sudjiman (2002:50) bahwa yang disebut tema adalah gagasan, ide, atau pikiran utama yang mendasari karya sastra. So in a sense the question is covered and the objectives of the author to the reader.
The term theme normally often likened his understanding to the topic, but both have different notions. The topic of a work are the subject of the talks, while the theme is the central idea, that is something that will be fought out in and through the work of fiction. Realization of the theme in fiction, usually based on reason or motive of action figures.
Other notions about the themes expressed by the Hartoko and the Nurgiyantoro Rachmanto (2000; 68) bahwa tema nerupakan gagasan dasar umum yang menopang sebuah karya sastra yang terkandung didalam teks sebagai struktur semantik dan yang menyangkut persamaan-persamaan atau perbedaan-perbedaan.
The theme of a literary work includes short stories always related to meaning of life. Through his work that the author offers a specific meaning in life by way of looking at the problem as he looked at it.
The theme is an important element that must be present in a short story, either implicitly or explicitly, because the theme of the story. As revealed by Tarigan (1985; 125) :
* every fiction must have basic or themes that have goals or objectives.
* themes is the base or the meaning of a story.
* the theme is a certain view of life or feeling of a particular form or build the basics of the main idea of a literary work.
In a fiction, the theme function to contribute to the other elements of fiction, such as plot, character, and setting. The author weaves a plot, creating characters and behave in a particular setting, is actually a response to the chosen theme and the that will always be fired (Heriyanto and Rahmanto, 1998; 220).
The theme is usually listed explicitly by the author. According to Sumardjo and Saini k. M (1997; 57) in a successful short story, the theme of it was disguised in an element. The author uses the dialogue of the characters, the way her thoughts, the events of the story. To reaffirm or redirect the contents of its theme, the author usually stated theme by stealth in the dialogue or the main character in a scene story.
Talking about the method use for organize the theme of the story, it is necessary important to say that in appearing the theme by analyzing the story and also the character have been justified. The principle of formulating the theme of story, according to quoting L. Perrine, S. Harjono (1987 : 2.44-2.45) gives several kinds of principles to formulated the theme, those are:
a. A theme must be expressed as a generalization about life in expressing a theme, use characters name of story, mentioning names he makes a specific statement, and it should avoided to mention the names of characters and worth to use.
b. A theme as the main concept, because it must cover and explain every detail incident of a story, and theme can not be based on estimate facts, stated or implied in the story, not the assumption that one get from his experience. A theme must be in story, not in the outside of the story
c. The approach of thematic story of the problem approach which only has one interpretation theme represent bound human values can be surely expressed with more than one way.
d. The formulating of the theme in a story, it should be state the central idea clearly, it means that the writer has been chosen a certain topic which become the main idea of the whole story, then state kind of supporting ideas which make the story more lie until the end.
From the definition above, the author concludes that the basic idea of the theme is stories that expose the fundamentals of the development for a story that animates the whole story, as well as being the starting point of the author in the work of creation. To specify a theme of the story, the reader must understand in advance the whole story with deeply appreciated the way the elements of the literary work.
2.2 Characterization
Each novel certainly has a character that is intentionally created to carry a story, creating characters with all the variety and where is his character referred to as the characterizations.
The term characterizations by Sudjiman (1990; 61) diartikan sebagai penciptaan citra didalam karya sastra. Tokoh tersebut diciptakan oleh pengarang secara menyakinkan sehingga pembaca merasa seolah-olah berhadapan dengan manusia sebenarnya.
While according to H.G. Tarig