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Entrepreneurship research approaches.Two research approaches dominate the entrepreneurship field: the trait approach and the behavioral approach. In the trait approach researchers try to identify traits and characteristics of individuals in order to differentiate entrepreneurs from non-entrepreneurs. The entrepreneur’s traits are seen as the key to explain the entrepreneurship phenomenon (Gartner, 1989). The primary level of analysis is therefore the individual. Specific entrepreneurial traits often mentioned in literature are the locus of control, the need for achievement, risk taking, the personal value system and age (Begley & Boyd, 1987; Gartner, 1989). Despite the attention this approach has received in research and literature, the trait approach still seems to be unable to capture the entrepreneurship phenomenon to the full extent. The flaws in this approach are well documented by Gartner (1989).The shortcomings of the trait approach have lead entrepreneurship researchers to a second approach. In this so-called behavioral approach entrepreneurship is seen as the process of creating entrepreneurial achievements, such as new organizations (Gartner, 1989) or surplus value (Jones & Butler, 1992). This approach takes the entrepreneurial object being created (‘the project’) as the primary level of analysis. The objective is not to find out ‘who is the entrepreneur’, but to gain understanding as to why and how the entrepreneurial achievement has come into existence. The behavioral view stresses the contextual nature of the creating process. The entrepreneurial project is therefore seen as an outcome of a complex process with many influences (Gartner, 1989; Maes, 2004). The role of the individual boils down to a series of actions or behavior undertaken to enable the creation of the project. Personal characteristics are considered ancillary to the behavior.
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