Like the assurance measures of the Orange Book and the
Common Criteria, most of the practical work in security
metrics addresses not security, but compliance to some
standard. In the case of the Orange Book and the Common
Criteria, it is compliance with a design for security. Subsequent
topics for security standards included not just design
itself, but methodology for designing a secure system and
methodology for operating a secure data center. These created
additional set of metrics, for example, metrics designed to
show compliance with the System Security Engineering
Capability Maturing Model (SSE-CMM) and the Federal Computer
Security Handbook (which evolved into Recommended
Security Controls for Federal Information Systems) (NIST,
1995, 2007; ISO/IEC, 2002). Variants on these exemplar methodologies
have been adopted into enterprise security policies
and standards, and corresponding security metrics programs
internal to the enterprise have been established to demonstrate
compliance with such enterprise standards.