5 Allison and Tiller's findings revealed that Internet patents, atleas translation - 5 Allison and Tiller's findings revealed that Internet patents, atleas Indonesian how to say

5 Allison and Tiller's findings rev

5 Allison and Tiller's findings revealed that Internet patents, at
least those issued during the formative years of digital commerce, possessed
value-indicating characteristics very similar to those of the litigated patents
subsequently studied by ALMT. Given that these characteristics suggest not only
private value but also litigation propensity, the next logical questions are
whether these Internet patents later experienced unusually high rates of
litigation, and how these patents fared in court compared with other patents.
The current study contributes to the empirical literature on patent

infringement litigation by comparing litigation rates and outcomes for early
Internet patents with those for a large comparison set of contemporaneously
issued NIPs. Delving more deeply, we further investigate litigation rates and
outcomes for two subgroups of Internet patents identified by Allison and
Tiller--those covering relatively broad Internet business "models" [FN15] and
those covering narrower Internet business "techniques." [FN16] The important
difference between these subgroups is that the claim language in those Internet
patents classified as business models is usually broader--that is, more
general--than in the other subgroup. More general claim language tends to
increase the universe of potential infringers, thus creating at least a
possibility of higher litigation rates and perhaps greater win rates. [FN17]

*6 Using both univariate [FN18] comparisons and multiple regression
techniques, we find primarily that: (1) Internet patents and their two
subtypes were litigated at a far higher rate than NIPs--they were between 7.5
and 9.5 times more likely to end up in infringement litigation, depending on
the model we used. (2) Within the category of Internet patents, those on
business models were litigated at a significantly higher rate than those on
business techniques. (3) Across both Internet patents and NIPs, patents issued
to small entities, especially individuals and small businesses, were much more
likely to be litigated than those issued to large entities; (4) Patents of all
kinds with more independent claims were significantly more likely to be
litigated than those with fewer independent claims. (5) Including both Internet
patents and NIPs, litigated patents received many more forward
citations--citations received from later patents--than did unlitigated patents.
(6) Patents issued to foreign entities were significantly less likely to be
litigated than patents issued to U.S. entities. (7) The more time that an
application for an Internet patent or NIP had spent in the PTO prior to
issuance, the more likely it was that the patent granted from that application
was to be involved in infringement litigation. (8) There was no difference in
the ages of Internet patents and NIPs when they became the subject of
litigation--both kinds were about 4.5 years old; (9) Once patent infringement
litigation was initiated, the owners of litigated Internet patents were
significantly more likely to settle before judgment than the owners of
litigated NIPs (especially when probable settlements were taken into account
along with obvious settlements, which we believe is the more accurate metric).
(10) Across both sets of patents, the larger the number of potential infringers
involved in a case (defendants in infringement actions and plaintiffs in
declaratory judgment actions), the less likely the case was to settle. (11)
Internet patents and NIPs went to trial at about the same rate. (12) When
failing to settle, the owners of NIPs won on the merits at a significantly
higher rate than did owners of Internet patents-- although the win rate for NIP
owners was quite low at around 16%, the win rate of Internet patents was even
lower by a substantial margin. This finding did not hold up in regression
analysis, however; when the effects of other variables were taken into account
in a logistic regression analysis, there was no significant difference in the
win rate for accused infringers between Internet patents and NIPs. Accused
infringers did win more often when Internet patents were asserted against them
than when they defended against NIP complaints, but the relatively small number
of observations prevented the difference from being statistically significant.
(13) Surprisingly, owners of both kinds of patents were significantly more
likely to win as the number of inventors on the patents increased. (14) The
longer that applications for Internet patents and NIPs had spent in the PTO
before issuance, the less likely accused infringers were to win. (15) Accused
infringers were less likely to win on the merits when the Internet patents or
NIPs asserted against them had been litigated previously. (16) Across both sets
of patents, the larger the number of potential infringers involved in a case,
the more likely these potential infringers were to win a judgment on the
merits. That is, the more infringement defendants per case, the more likely
these defendants were to win. (17) There was no difference between the
different types of patents in the percentage of cases that were terminated for
procedural reasons. We also discuss a few other findings of interest.

*7 These findings raise some intriguing questions for further research:
(1) How does litigation of patents on other relatively new technology fields
compares with litigation of patents from the general population, the latter
consisting predominantly of patents on more mature technologies? (2) How might
litigation of patents on different technologies early in their maturation
periods compare to each other? (3) Are patents on young technologies likely to
be stronger and more valuable on average because there is less relevant prior
art to require the narrowing of patent claim language or because applicants
perceive greater potential innovation importance and are willing to invest more
in the patenting enterprise, thus leading to more litigation? (4) Do patents on
young technologies generate more uncertainty because of their newness,
contributing to more contention? (5) The Internet patents in our data set,
whether litigated or not, showed many of the same internal characteristics as
patents in all fields that wind up in litigation. [FN19] Is the same true of
patents in other emerging fields of patenting activity such as flash memory,
smart phones, nanotechnology, and others?
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5 Allison and Tiller's findings revealed that Internet patents, atleast those issued during the formative years of digital commerce, possessedvalue-indicating characteristics very similar to those of the litigated patentssubsequently studied by ALMT. Given that these characteristics suggest not onlyprivate value but also litigation propensity, the next logical questions arewhether these Internet patents later experienced unusually high rates oflitigation, and how these patents fared in court compared with other patents.The current study contributes to the empirical literature on patentinfringement litigation by comparing litigation rates and outcomes for earlyInternet patents with those for a large comparison set of contemporaneouslyissued NIPs. Delving more deeply, we further investigate litigation rates andoutcomes for two subgroups of Internet patents identified by Allison andTiller--those covering relatively broad Internet business "models" [FN15] andthose covering narrower Internet business "techniques." [FN16] The importantdifference between these subgroups is that the claim language in those Internetpatents classified as business models is usually broader--that is, moregeneral--than in the other subgroup. More general claim language tends toincrease the universe of potential infringers, thus creating at least apossibility of higher litigation rates and perhaps greater win rates. [FN17] *6 Using both univariate [FN18] comparisons and multiple regressiontechniques, we find primarily that: (1) Internet patents and their twosubtypes were litigated at a far higher rate than NIPs--they were between 7.5and 9.5 times more likely to end up in infringement litigation, depending onthe model we used. (2) Within the category of Internet patents, those onbusiness models were litigated at a significantly higher rate than those onbusiness techniques. (3) Across both Internet patents and NIPs, patents issuedto small entities, especially individuals and small businesses, were much morelikely to be litigated than those issued to large entities; (4) Patents of allkinds with more independent claims were significantly more likely to belitigated than those with fewer independent claims. (5) Including both Internetpatents and NIPs, litigated patents received many more forwardcitations--citations received from later patents--than did unlitigated patents.(6) Patents issued to foreign entities were significantly less likely to belitigated than patents issued to U.S. entities. (7) The more time that anapplication for an Internet patent or NIP had spent in the PTO prior toissuance, the more likely it was that the patent granted from that applicationwas to be involved in infringement litigation. (8) There was no difference inthe ages of Internet patents and NIPs when they became the subject oflitigation--both kinds were about 4.5 years old; (9) Once patent infringementlitigation was initiated, the owners of litigated Internet patents weresignificantly more likely to settle before judgment than the owners oflitigated NIPs (especially when probable settlements were taken into accountalong with obvious settlements, which we believe is the more accurate metric).(10) Across both sets of patents, the larger the number of potential infringersinvolved in a case (defendants in infringement actions and plaintiffs indeclaratory judgment actions), the less likely the case was to settle. (11)Internet patents and NIPs went to trial at about the same rate. (12) Whenfailing to settle, the owners of NIPs won on the merits at a significantlyhigher rate than did owners of Internet patents-- although the win rate for NIPowners was quite low at around 16%, the win rate of Internet patents was evenlower by a substantial margin. This finding did not hold up in regressionanalysis, however; when the effects of other variables were taken into accountin a logistic regression analysis, there was no significant difference in thewin rate for accused infringers between Internet patents and NIPs. Accusedinfringers did win more often when Internet patents were asserted against themthan when they defended against NIP complaints, but the relatively small numberof observations prevented the difference from being statistically significant.(13) Surprisingly, owners of both kinds of patents were significantly morelikely to win as the number of inventors on the patents increased. (14) Thelonger that applications for Internet patents and NIPs had spent in the PTObefore issuance, the less likely accused infringers were to win. (15) Accusedinfringers were less likely to win on the merits when the Internet patents orNIPs asserted against them had been litigated previously. (16) Across both setsof patents, the larger the number of potential infringers involved in a case,the more likely these potential infringers were to win a judgment on themerits. That is, the more infringement defendants per case, the more likelythese defendants were to win. (17) There was no difference between thedifferent types of patents in the percentage of cases that were terminated forprocedural reasons. We also discuss a few other findings of interest. *7 These findings raise some intriguing questions for further research:(1) How does litigation of patents on other relatively new technology fieldscompares with litigation of patents from the general population, the latterconsisting predominantly of patents on more mature technologies? (2) How mightlitigation of patents on different technologies early in their maturationperiods compare to each other? (3) Are patents on young technologies likely tobe stronger and more valuable on average because there is less relevant priorart to require the narrowing of patent claim language or because applicantsperceive greater potential innovation importance and are willing to invest morein the patenting enterprise, thus leading to more litigation? (4) Do patents onyoung technologies generate more uncertainty because of their newness,contributing to more contention? (5) The Internet patents in our data set,whether litigated or not, showed many of the same internal characteristics aspatents in all fields that wind up in litigation. [FN19] Is the same true ofpatents in other emerging fields of patenting activity such as flash memory,smart phones, nanotechnology, and others?
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5 Allison dan Tiller temuan-temuan mengungkapkan bahwa paten Internet, pada
setidaknya yang dikeluarkan selama tahun-tahun formatif perdagangan digital, memiliki
karakteristik nilai-menunjukkan sangat mirip dengan paten litigated
kemudian dipelajari oleh ALMT. Mengingat bahwa karakteristik ini menunjukkan tidak hanya
nilai pribadi tetapi juga litigasi kecenderungan, pertanyaan logis berikutnya adalah
apakah paten Internet ini kemudian mengalami tingkat yang luar biasa tinggi
litigasi, dan bagaimana paten tersebut bernasib di pengadilan dibandingkan dengan paten lainnya.
Penelitian ini memberikan kontribusi untuk empiris literatur tentang paten pelanggaran litigasi dengan membandingkan tingkat litigasi dan hasil untuk awal paten Internet dengan mereka untuk perbandingan set besar serentak NIP dikeluarkan. Menggali lebih dalam, kita menyelidiki lebih lanjut tingkat litigasi dan hasil bagi dua sub kelompok paten Internet diidentifikasi oleh Allison dan Tiller - yang meliputi bisnis internet yang relatif luas "model" [FN15] dan ". teknik" yang meliputi bisnis internet sempit [FN16] The penting perbedaan antara sub-kelompok ini adalah bahwa bahasa klaim pada mereka Internet paten diklasifikasikan sebagai model bisnis biasanya lebih luas - yaitu, lebih umum - daripada di subkelompok lainnya. Lebih klaim umum bahasa cenderung meningkatkan semesta pelanggar potensial, sehingga menciptakan setidaknya kemungkinan tingkat litigasi yang lebih tinggi dan tingkat menang mungkin lebih besar. [FN17] * 6 Menggunakan kedua univariat [FN18] perbandingan dan regresi ganda teknik, kita menemukan bahwa terutama: (1) paten Internet dan dua mereka subtipe yang litigated pada tingkat yang jauh lebih tinggi daripada NIP - mereka adalah antara 7,5 dan 9,5 kali lebih mungkin berakhir dalam litigasi pelanggaran, tergantung pada model yang kita gunakan. (2) Dalam kategori paten Internet, orang-orang di model bisnis yang litigated pada tingkat yang jauh lebih tinggi dibandingkan pada teknik bisnis. (3) Di kedua paten Internet dan NIP, paten dikeluarkan untuk entitas kecil, terutama individu dan usaha kecil, jauh lebih mungkin perkara daripada yang dikeluarkan untuk entitas besar; (4) Paten dari semua jenis dengan klaim lebih mandiri secara signifikan lebih mungkin litigated dibandingkan dengan klaim independen yang lebih sedikit. (5) Termasuk kedua Internet paten dan NIP, paten litigated menerima lebih banyak maju kutipan - kutipan yang diterima dari paten kemudian - dari tidak unlitigated paten. (6) Paten diberikan kepada entitas asing secara signifikan lebih kecil kemungkinannya untuk perkara dari paten yang dikeluarkan untuk entitas AS. (7) Semakin banyak waktu bahwa permohonan paten Internet atau NIP telah menghabiskan di PTO sebelum penerbitan, semakin besar kemungkinan itu adalah bahwa paten diberikan dari aplikasi yang sangat terlibat dalam pelanggaran litigasi. (8) Tidak ada perbedaan dalam usia paten Internet dan NIP ketika mereka menjadi subyek litigasi - kedua jenis berumur sekitar 4,5 tahun; (9) Setelah pelanggaran paten litigasi dimulai, pemilik paten Internet perkara yang bermakna lebih mungkin untuk menyelesaikan sebelum penghakiman dari pemilik NIP perkara (terutama ketika pemukiman kemungkinan diperhitungkan bersama dengan pemukiman yang jelas, yang kami percaya adalah lebih metrik akurat). (10) Di kedua set paten, semakin besar jumlah potensial pelanggar yang terlibat dalam kasus (terdakwa dalam tindakan pelanggaran dan penggugat dalam tindakan penghakiman deklaratoir), semakin kecil kemungkinan kasus itu untuk menetap. (11) paten Internet dan NIP pergi ke pengadilan pada tingkat yang sama. (12) Ketika gagal untuk menyelesaikan, pemilik NIP menang pada manfaat pada signifikan lebih tinggi daripada pemilik patents-- internet meskipun tingkat kemenangan bagi NIP pemilik cukup rendah sekitar 16%, tingkat menang paten Internet bahkan lebih rendah dengan selisih yang cukup besar. Temuan ini tidak tahan dalam regresi analisis, namun; ketika efek dari variabel lain yang diperhitungkan dalam analisis regresi logistik, tidak ada perbedaan yang signifikan dalam tingkat kemenangan bagi pelanggar dituduh antara paten Internet dan NIP. Dituduh pelanggar tidak menang lebih sering ketika paten Internet yang menegaskan terhadap mereka daripada ketika mereka membela terhadap keluhan NIP, tetapi jumlah yang relatif kecil dari pengamatan mencegah perbedaan dari yang signifikan secara statistik. (13) Anehnya, pemilik dari kedua jenis paten secara signifikan lebih mungkin untuk memenangkan sebagai jumlah penemu pada paten meningkat. (14) The lama bahwa aplikasi untuk paten Internet dan NIP telah menghabiskan di PTO sebelum diterbitkan, pelanggar cenderung menuduh adalah untuk menang. (15) Dituduh pelanggar kurang mungkin untuk menang pada manfaat ketika paten Internet atau NIP menegaskan terhadap mereka telah litigated sebelumnya. (16) Di kedua set paten, semakin besar jumlah potensial pelanggar yang terlibat dalam kasus, semakin besar kemungkinan ini pelanggar potensial adalah untuk memenangkan penghakiman pada manfaat. Artinya, para terdakwa pelanggaran lebih per kasus, semakin besar kemungkinan terdakwa tersebut adalah untuk menang. (17) Tidak ada perbedaan antara berbagai jenis paten dalam persentase kasus yang dihentikan karena alasan prosedural. Kami juga membahas beberapa temuan lain yang menarik. * 7 Temuan ini menimbulkan beberapa pertanyaan menarik untuk penelitian lebih lanjut: (1) Bagaimana litigasi paten di bidang teknologi yang relatif baru lainnya membandingkan dengan litigasi paten dari populasi umum, yang terakhir terdiri didominasi paten pada teknologi yang lebih matang? (2) Bagaimana mungkin litigasi paten pada teknologi yang berbeda di awal pematangan mereka periode membandingkan satu sama lain? (3) Apakah paten pada teknologi muda cenderung lebih kuat dan lebih berharga rata-rata karena ada sebelumnya kurang relevan seni untuk meminta penyempitan bahasa klaim paten atau karena pemohon menganggap inovasi penting potensi yang lebih besar dan bersedia untuk berinvestasi lebih banyak di perusahaan pematenan , sehingga mengarah ke lebih litigasi? (4) Apakah paten pada teknologi muda menghasilkan ketidakpastian lebih karena kebaruan mereka, memberikan kontribusi untuk lebih pertengkaran? (5) Paten Internet di set data kami, apakah perkara atau tidak, menunjukkan banyak karakteristik internal sama dengan paten di segala bidang yang berakhir di pengadilan. [FN19] Apakah benar sama paten di bidang lain yang muncul dari kegiatan paten seperti memori flash, ponsel pintar, nanoteknologi, dan lain-lain?















































































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