Chapter 6
International trade
Alan 1.1 Rugman and Simon Co Hinson, International Business, 5" Editfon, ®Pearson Education Umited 2009
Slide 6.2
International trade
• Objectives • Introduction • International trade theory • Barriers to trade • Non-tariff barriers to trade • Other economic developments.
Alan 1.1 Rugman and Simon Co Hinson, International Business, 5" Editfon, ®Pearson Education Umited 2009
Slide 6.3
Objectives
• Define the term international trade and discuss the role of mercantilism in modern international trade. • Contrast the theories of absolute advantage and comparative advantage. • Relate the importance of international product life cycle theory to the study of international • econom1cs. • Explain some of the most commonly used barriers to trade and other economic developments that affect international economics. • Discuss some of the reasons for the tensions between the theory of free trade and the widespread practice of national trade barriers.
Alan 1.1 Rugman and Simon Co Hinson, International Business, 5" Editfon, ®Pearson Education Umited 2009
Slide 6.4
Introduction
• International trade: the branch of economics concerned with the exchange of goods and services with foreign countries. • We will focus on: - International trade theory - Barriers to trade.
Alan 1.1 Rugman and Simon Co Hinson, International Business, 5" Editfon, ®Pearson Education Umited 2009
Slide 6.5
International trade theory
Alan 1.1 Rugman and Simon Co Hinson, International Business, 5" Editfon, ®Pearson Education Umited 2009
Slide 6.6
Why do nations trade?
Trade theories: • Mercantilism; • theory of absolute advantage; • theory of comparative advantage; • factor endowment theory; • international product cycle theory; • other considerations.
Alan 1.1 Rugman and Simon Co Hinson, International Business, 5" Editfon, ®Pearson Education Umited 2009
Slide 6.7
Mercantilism
• A trade theory which holds that a government can improve the well-being of the country by encouraging exports and stifling imports.
Cf.) Neo mercantilism: without the reliance on precious metal (gold).
Alan 1.1 Rugman and Simon Co Hinson, International Business, 5" Editfon, ®Pearson Education Umited 2009
Slide 6.8
Theory of absolute advantage
• A trade theory which holds that by specializing in the production of goods, which they can produce more efficiently than any others, nations can increase their economic well-being. An example • Assume: - labour is the only cost of production; - lower labour-hours per unit of production means lower production costs and higher productivity of labour.
Alan 1.1 Rugman and Simon Co Hinson, International Business, 5" Editfon, ®Pearson Education Umited 2009
Slide 6.9
Theory of absolute advantage (Continued)
Labour cost (hours) of production for one unit
North South
Cloth
10 20
Grain
20 10
• North has an absolute advantage in the production of cloth. • South has an absolute advantage in the production of grain.
It follows that: • If North produces cloth and South produces grain, and an exchange ratio can be arranged, both the countries will benefit from trade.
Alan 1.1 Rugman and Simon Co Hinson, International Business, 5" Editfon, ®Pearson Education Umited 2009
srK!e 6.10
Theory of comparative advantage
• A trade theory which holds that nations should produce those goods for which they have the greatest relative advantage. An example • Assume: - labour is the only cost of production; - lower labour-hours per unit of production means lower production costs and higher productivity of labour.
Alan 1.1 Rugman and Simon Co Hinson, International Business, 5" Editfon, ®Pearson Education Umited 2009
srK!e 6.11
Theory of comparative advantage (Continued) Labour cost (hours) of production for one unit
North South
Cloth
so 200
Grain
100 200
• North has an absolute advantage in the production of both cloth and grain but the relative costs differ (i.e. gains from trade). • In North, one unit of cloth costs 50/100 hours of grain. • In South, one unit of cloth costs 100/100 hours of grain.
It follows that: • If North can import more than a half unit of grain for one unit of cloth, it will gain from trade. • If South can import one unit of cloth for less than one unit of grain, it will also gain from trade. • Under the circumstance presented in the above example, both countries can benefit from trade.
Alan 1.1 Rugman and Simon Co Hinson, International Business, 5" Editfon, ®Pearson Education Umited 2009
srK!e 6.12
Factor endowment theory
• Also known as the Heckscher-Ohlin theory, - It extends the concept of comparative advantage by bringing into consideration the endowment and cost of factors of production and helps to explain why nations with relatively large labour forces will concentrate on producing labour-Intensive goods, whereas, countries with relatively more capital than labour will specialize in capital-intensive goods.
• Weaknesses of factor endowment theory: - Som
Results (
Arabic) 1:
[Copy]Copied!
الفصل 6 التجارة الدولية رغمان الآن 1.1 وسيمون Hinson Co، الأعمال الدولية، 5 "Editfon,® بيرسون التعليم أوميتيد 2009 الشريحة 6.2 التجارة الدولية • أهداف • مقدمة • الدولي التجارة • نظرية الحواجز إلى الحواجز التجارية الجمركية عدم • التجارة • التطورات الاقتصادية الأخرى. رغمان الآن 1.1 وسيمون Hinson Co، الأعمال الدولية، 5 "Editfon,® بيرسون التعليم أوميتيد 2009 الشريحة 6.3 أهداف • تعريف مصطلح التجارة الدولية، ومناقشة دور المذهب التجاري في التجارة الدولية الحديثة. • تباين نظريات ميزة مطلقة ونسبية. • تتعلق بأهمية نظرية دورة حياة المنتج الدولي لدراسة econom1cs • الدولية. • شرح بعض من الأكثر شيوعاً الحواجز أمام التجارة وغيرها من التطورات الاقتصادية التي تؤثر على الاقتصاد الدولي. • مناقشة بعض أسباب التوتر بين نظرية التجارة الحرة وممارسة على نطاق واسع من الحواجز التجارية الوطنية. رغمان الآن 1.1 وسيمون Hinson Co، الأعمال الدولية، 5 "Editfon,® بيرسون التعليم أوميتيد 2009 الشريحة 6.4 مقدمة • التجارة الدولية: فرع من فروع الاقتصاد المعنية بتبادل السلع والخدمات مع البلدان الأجنبية. • سوف نركز على:-نظرية التجارة الدولية-الحواجز التي تعترض التجارة. رغمان الآن 1.1 وسيمون Hinson Co، الأعمال الدولية، 5 "Editfon,® بيرسون التعليم أوميتيد 2009 Slide 6.5 International trade theory Alan 1.1 Rugman and Simon Co Hinson, International Business, 5" Editfon, ®Pearson Education Umited 2009 Slide 6.6 Why do nations trade? Trade theories: • Mercantilism; • theory of absolute advantage; • theory of comparative advantage; • factor endowment theory; • international product cycle theory; • other considerations. Alan 1.1 Rugman and Simon Co Hinson, International Business, 5" Editfon, ®Pearson Education Umited 2009 Slide 6.7 Mercantilism • A trade theory which holds that a government can improve the well-being of the country by encouraging exports and stifling imports. Cf.) Neo mercantilism: without the reliance on precious metal (gold). Alan 1.1 Rugman and Simon Co Hinson, International Business, 5" Editfon, ®Pearson Education Umited 2009 Slide 6.8 Theory of absolute advantage • A trade theory which holds that by specializing in the production of goods, which they can produce more efficiently than any others, nations can increase their economic well-being. An example • Assume: - labour is the only cost of production; - lower labour-hours per unit of production means lower production costs and higher productivity of labour. Alan 1.1 Rugman and Simon Co Hinson, International Business, 5" Editfon, ®Pearson Education Umited 2009 Slide 6.9 Theory of absolute advantage (Continued) Labour cost (hours) of production for one unit North South Cloth 10 20 Grain 20 10 • North has an absolute advantage in the production of cloth. • South has an absolute advantage in the production of grain. It follows that: • If North produces cloth and South produces grain, and an exchange ratio can be arranged, both the countries will benefit from trade. Alan 1.1 Rugman and Simon Co Hinson, International Business, 5" Editfon, ®Pearson Education Umited 2009 srK!e 6.10 Theory of comparative advantage • A trade theory which holds that nations should produce those goods for which they have the greatest relative advantage. An example • Assume: - labour is the only cost of production; - lower labour-hours per unit of production means lower production costs and higher productivity of labour. Alan 1.1 Rugman and Simon Co Hinson, International Business, 5" Editfon, ®Pearson Education Umited 2009 srK!e 6.11 Theory of comparative advantage (Continued) Labour cost (hours) of production for one unit North South Cloth so 200 Grain 100 200 • North has an absolute advantage in the production of both cloth and grain but the relative costs differ (i.e. gains from trade). • In North, one unit of cloth costs 50/100 hours of grain. • In South, one unit of cloth costs 100/100 hours of grain. It follows that: • If North can import more than a half unit of grain for one unit of cloth, it will gain from trade. • If South can import one unit of cloth for less than one unit of grain, it will also gain from trade. • Under the circumstance presented in the above example, both countries can benefit from trade. Alan 1.1 Rugman and Simon Co Hinson, International Business, 5" Editfon, ®Pearson Education Umited 2009 srK!e 6.12 Factor endowment theory • Also known as the Heckscher-Ohlin theory, - It extends the concept of comparative advantage by bringing into consideration the endowment and cost of factors of production and helps to explain why nations with relatively large labour forces will concentrate on producing labour-Intensive goods, whereas, countries with relatively more capital than labour will specialize in capital-intensive goods. • Weaknesses of factor endowment theory: - Som
Being translated, please wait..
