Ashmore (1990) details components of
gender identity, an explore the relationship of gender
identity to gender-related ideologies. Most studies find few differences in the existence
of gender identity. In terms of content, a quasi meta-analysis by Kroger
(1997) finds gender differences in identity structure, content, developmental process,
and context. In an empirical follow-up, Kroger reports that the domains of
sexuality and family are somewhat more salient for women than men, but more
generally, there are few differences in identity content (this may be due to reliance
on a highly educated upper and upper-middle class sample). Much recent work
emphasizes contextual influences on the relative salience of gender identities (